洛阳唐三彩 唐三彩是指表面饰有黄、绿、白或黄、绿、蓝三色釉彩的陶器。它的生产历史可以追溯到距今1400余年前的南北朝时期，唐代（公元618～907年）达到鼎盛时期，故被后世称之为“唐三彩”。 洛阳位于中国中部的河南省，历史上曾为唐王朝的“东都”。迄今为止出土的唐三彩精品多出土于洛阳地区，又因洛阳出产的仿唐三彩器物精美逼真，所以人们又多称其为“洛阳唐三彩”。 唐三彩的制作工艺较为烦琐，首先要将制好的坯体在窑内烧至1100度左右，然后取出施彩，再入窑继续烧至900度左右。三彩釉质的主要成分是硅酸铝，呈色剂则为各种不同的金属氧化物，如浅黄为铁或锑，赭黄为铁，绿为铜，蓝为铜或钴，紫为锰。 唐三彩是中国唐代的艺术精华，它吸收了中国绘画、石刻、雕塑等工艺美术品的优点，采用印花、堆贴、刻画等形式的装饰图案，造型浑厚丰满、工整细腻，刀法简朴，线条流畅，充分显示了盛唐时期的精神面貌和艺术水平，具有独特的艺术风格和鲜明的民族特色。唐三彩制品种类繁多，主要可分为陶俑和日常生活用品两大类。 唐三彩的复制和仿制，在洛阳已有近百年的历史。新中国成立后，建立了洛阳美术陶瓷厂，并设立专门机构研究唐三彩的制作工艺，使“洛阳唐三彩”的工艺技巧和艺术水平达到了一个新高度。目前，“洛阳唐三彩”仍然是中国的传统出口商品，远销世界50多个国家和地区。 Luoyang Tang San Cai Tang San Cai, also called Tricolor Glazed Pottery and a gem of ancient Chinese art, is a kind of handmade glazed ware of exquisite craftsmanship created in the Northern and Southern Dynasty (386-589) about 1,400 years ago. During the Tang Dynasty (618-907), the production of Tang San Cai reached its peak, which is part of the reason the pottery got the name of Tang San Cai. Luoyang, named the eastern capital in ancient times, in Henan Province was the home of Tang San Cai, and most of unearthed Tang San Cai was found in Luoyang. Tang San Cai is a polychrome handicraft with yellow, green, and white as its major tones. It is fired with lead glaze and presents a harmonious complex of varied colors, deep and light. The process is complicated: first, bake the ready mode in kilns until the temperature reaches 1,100oC, then take it out and apply glaze on it; bake it again in kilns at a temperature of about 900°C. Tang San Cai items that have been unearthed include horses, humans, and even pillows, and camels, of which the pottery camel is one of the best. Its head rises high, as if telling stories about merchant caravans along the Silk Road in the remote past and the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty. Being the gem of ancient Chinese art, Tang San Cai absorbed the advantages of Chinese painting, sculpture and stone carving. It features fleshy figures, regular and exquisite technics, compact carving traces, and smooth lines, indicating the high-level of the craft reached in the Tang Dynasty. Tang San Cai is mainly divided into pottery tomb-figures and daily commodities After the founding of new China, specialized institutions have been set up to study the technics of making Tang San Cai, which has boosted the development of the craft. At present, Luoyang Tang San Cai is exporting to more than 50 countries and regions in the world. 秦始皇陵兵马俑 秦始皇陵位于西安以东30公里的骊山北麓，南依骊山，层恋叠嶂，山林葱郁；北临渭水，逶迤曲转，银蛇横卧。高大的封冢在巍巍峰峦环抱之中与骊山浑然一体，景色优美，环境独秀。 秦始皇是中国历史上一位杰出的政治家，姓蠃名政，秦庄襄王之子，公元前259年出生于赵国京都邯郸，公元前246年13岁即立为秦王，22岁加冕亲政。自公元前236年至公元前221年的15年中，秦国先后灭掉了韩、赵、魏、楚、燕、齐六个诸侯国，彻底结束了战国群雄割据的历史，在血与火中，建立了中国历史上第一个统一的、多民族、中央集权制的封建王朝--秦王朝。"秦皇扫六合，虎势何雄哉；挥剑决浮云，诸侯尽西来。"秦始皇--这位叱咤风云的旷世 君主，不仅为后人留下了千秋伟业，还留有这座神秘莫测的皇家陵园。 古埃及金字塔是世界上最大的地上王陵，中国秦始皇陵是世界上最大的地下皇陵。 秦始皇陵于秦始皇即位起开工修建，前后历时３８年之久，比著名的埃及胡夫金字塔的修造时间还长8年，动用修陵人数最多时近于80万，几乎相当于修建胡夫金字塔人数的8倍。 陵园仿照秦国都城咸阳建造，大体呈回字形，陵墓周围筑有内外两重城垣，陵园内城垣周长3870米，外城垣周长6210米，陵区内目前探明的大型地面建筑为寝殿、便殿、园寺吏舍等遗址。秦始皇陵的封土夯筑而成，形成了三级阶梯，状呈覆斗，底部近似方型，底面积约25万平方米，高115米，但由于经历二千多年的风雨侵蚀和人为破坏，现封土底面积约为12万平方米，高度为87米，整座陵区总面积为56.25平方公里。秦王朝是中国历史上辉煌的一页，秦始皇陵更集中了秦代文明的最高成就。秦始皇把他生前的荣华富贵全部带入地下。 秦始皇陵地下宫殿是陵墓建筑的核心部分，位于封土堆之下。《史记》记载："穿三泉，下铜而致椁，宫观百官，奇器异怪徙藏满之。以水银为百川江河大海，机相灌输。上具天文，下具地理，以人鱼膏为烛，度不灭者久之。"考古发现地宫面积约18万平方米，中心点的深度约30米。陵园以封土堆为中心，四周陪葬分布众多，内涵丰富、规模空前，除闻名遐迩的兵马俑陪葬坑、铜车马坑之外，又新发现了大型石质铠甲坑、百戏俑坑、文官俑坑以及陪葬墓等600余处，数十年来秦陵考古工作中出土的文物多达10万余件。在陵园里设立有多处文物展台，展示了秦陵近二十年来出土的部分文物；布置有水道展区，重现当年陵园内科学周密的排水设施；相信随着考古工作的进展，肯定还会有更大的意想不到的发现。 在凝重的绿色和高大的墓冢之间，为了让游客身临其境的感受王者的尊荣、王者的威仪，秦始皇陵上演有大型的"重现的仪仗队--秦始皇守陵部队换岗仪式"表演和集"声、光、电"于一体的秦始皇陵陵区、陵园、地宫沙盘模型展示，再现二千多年前神秘陵园的壮观场景，展示数十年来的考古成果，生动直观的揭示秦陵奥秘，展示其丰富内涵。 秦始皇陵是中国历史上第一座帝王陵园，是我国劳动人民勤奋和聪明才智的结晶，是一座历史文化宝库，在所有封建帝王陵墓中以规模宏大、埋葬丰富而著称于世。1961年被国务院公布为第一批重点文物保护单位，1987年被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产保护目录，成为全人类共同的财富。2002年秦始皇陵荣膺国家AAAA级旅游景区。 Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum is situated 5km east of Lintong County in Yan Zhai village.The original name of the mausoleum was"LiShan".The site was chosen which fulfilled the geomagnetic requirements with mountains as the backdrop and a river in front,and the tomb was therefore placed between the Li Mountain to the south and the Wei River to the north. Emperor Qin Shihuang began to build the mausoleum for himself since he came to throne at the age of 13.After the unification of the country in 221B.C.the project grew large in scale.Over 720,000 convicts from all parts of the empire wcre conscripted as laborers. The work continued even after the emperor's death,taking,in total,38 years.The fact that one of the satellite pits of the terra-cotta army,Pit NO.4,was unfinished and remained empty,suggests that the planned work was not completed. Emperor Qin shihuang's Mausoleum is very large,covering the total area of 56.25sqkm.it is rectangular in shape and enclosed by two walls-the inner city wall and the outer city wall,forming the shape of the Chinese character"回". The inner wall measured 1,355m in length from north to south and 580m in width from east to west with a circumference of 3,870m,The area was 79sqm.The outer wall was 2,186m in length from north to south and 976m in width from east to west with a circumference of 6,321m.The area was 213 sqm.The walls no longer exist but the foundations halved remained. In the north east part of the inner city,a small was built with 670m long from north to south and 330m wide from east to west.Both the inner and outer walls had a gate with gate tower on eath side ,apart from the north side lf the inner wall which had two gates.Both the inner and outer walls had watchtowers at the four corners.The large tomb lies in the south part of the inner city at the point of intersection of six gates. So many buildings that were above ground have been reduced to ruin or have simply vanished without a trace that it is difficult to determine what the original mausoleum might have looked like.But the number of unusually well-preserved relics beneath the ground have provided archaeologists with a good idea as to the design and overall layout of the mausoleum of Emperor Qin shihuang. The mausoleum builders got the surprising achievements by their hard work ,however their life lived in poor condition, Rebellious peasants pillaged and burnt those buildings connected with the Qin dynasty, which was hated for its cruelty. The palaces and other buildings within the walls of the mausoleum were destroyed. Only the huge pyramid of the mound survived the devastation, although it is not known whether later grave robbers have plundered the tomb. In 1987 the mausoleum was by UNESCO as a World Heritage site. 云冈石窟 云冈石窟位于山西省大同市西郊武周山北崖，石窟依山开凿，东西绵延1000米，现存主要洞窟45个，大小窟龛252个，石雕造像51000余躯，是我国规模最大的古代石窟群之一。据文献记载，北魏和平年间（公元460年至465年）由一个著名的和尚昙曜主持，在京城（平城，今大同市）西郊武周塞，开凿石窟五所，现存云冈第16窟至20窟，就是当时开凿最早的所谓“昙曜五窟”。其他主要洞窟，也大多完成于北魏太和十八年（公元494年）孝文帝迁都洛阳之前。从石窟所保存的纪年铭刻和艺术风格上看，这处宏伟的艺术工程基本上都是北魏的遗物，距今已有1500多年的历史。现存洞窟53个,石雕造像5万 1千余尊。大佛最高者17米,最小者仅几厘米。云冈石窟以气势宏伟，内容丰富，雕刻 精细著称于世。古代地理学家郦道元这样描述它：“凿石开山，因岩结构，真容巨壮，世法所稀，山堂水殿，烟寺相望”。这是当时石窟盛景的真实写照。云冈石窟雕刻在吸收和借鉴印度犍陀罗佛教艺术的同时，有机地融合了中国传统艺术风格，在世界雕塑艺术史上有十分重要的地位。今天，它已成为中外游人倾慕和向往的旅游胜地。云冈石窟是中国三大石窟群之一,也是世界闻名的艺术宝库。 云冈几十个洞窟中以昙曜五窟开凿最早,气魄最为宏伟。第五、六窟和五华洞内容丰富多采, 富丽瑰奇,是云冈艺术的精华。 Yungang Grottoes Yungang Grottoes , more than 1500 years after their execution, are the masterpieces of Buddhist Sculptures. The 53 large sized caves, are scattered over the southern foot of Wuzhou Hill, sprawling for over a kilometer form east to west. The hill looks like a huge honeycomb full of Alveoli. Inside the caves are more than 50 thousands of solemn and time honoured statues of Buddha,Bodhisattva. Grottoes Nos. 16-20 are the earliest of the Yungang Grottoes and of the utmost grandeur. 安徽黄山风景区 1990年12月，安徽黄山风景区被联合国科教文组织评为“世界自然和文化遗产名录”。 黄山屹立在中国安徽省南部（北纬30度1分，东经118度1分），盘垣于歙、黟、太平、休宁四县之间，方圆250平方公里，精华部份154平方公里。黄山原称作黟山，因传说轩辕皇帝曾在此修身炼丹，故名。黄山不仅以奇伟俏丽、灵秀多姿著称于世，还是一座资源丰富、生态完整、具有重要科学和生态环境价值的国家级风景名胜区，属世界文化与自然遗产，已被列入《世界遗产名录》。 早在一亿多年前的地壳运动中，黄山便已跃起于地表之上，后又经过第四纪冰川的洗礼，终于形成了气势磅礴，高峰穿云的天下奇山。 154平方公里的景区内，峰如林海，危崖突兀、幽壑纵横。这种地貌的形成是由于其山体为粗粒花岗岩组成，花岗岩常常发育成直立或近乎直立的主要筋理。由于浸蚀崩裂的外力作用，使岩石形成了巨大的柱状体，这样便出现了巍峨奇特的山峰，幽深如削的山谷。主峰莲花峰海拔1864米，与平旷的光明顶、险峻的天都峰一起，雄居在景区中心，还有77座千米以上的山峰分布在四周。“峰奇石奇松更奇，云飞水飞山亦飞“。峰壑间，巧石星罗棋布，有名可数者120余处。其形成或似珍禽异兽，或如神话人物，千姿百态，妙趣横生。遍布峰壑的黄山松，破石而生，盘结于危岩峭壁之上，挺立于峰崖绝壑之中，或雄壮挺拔，或婀娜多姿，显示出顽强的生命力。黄山无处不松，奇特的古松，难以胜数。最著名者有迎客松、卧龙松、探海松、黑虎松等30余株。多少年来，它们抵御风吹雨打，霜剑冰刀，吸取岩石中的点滴水分和营养，迎着阳光稳稳地屹立于峰崖之上。黄山云流动于千峰万壑之间，或成涛涛云海，浩瀚无际，或与朝霞、落日相映，色彩斑斓，壮美瑰丽。 黄山温泉，古称“灵泉”、“汤泉”、“朱砂泉”，水质清澈，可饮可浴，是黄山一绝。黄山是长江与钱塘江两大水系的分水岭。特殊的地理位置，构成36条大峡谷、形成36源，汇流24溪。山水迸泻，形成飞瀑，悬垂如练，溅珠喷玉。“山中一夜雨，处处挂飞泉”，瀑布中著名者有“人字瀑”、“百丈泉”、和“九龙瀑”。 由于黄山花岗岩体垂直节理十分发育，断裂和裂隙纵横交错，形成瑰丽多姿的花岗岩洞穴与孔道，使之重岭峡谷，关口处处。更有历代丰厚的文化积淀，摩崖石刻等名胜古迹200多处。加上日出、日落、云雾、松涛、佛光、秋色、雾松、冰挂等自然奇观，幽谷泉鸣，鸟语花香，整个景区犹如一幅幅立体的壮丽画卷。 黄山是美的综合体，是天地造化的宠儿。随便一处，或松或石、或云海清泉，无一不美，无处不奇，置身其间，使人似觉得到了天上人间，不得不感叹大自然的神奇力量。她是人类最珍贵的遗产和世界最著名的旅游胜地之一。美丽的黄山，以她博大的胸怀，张开了热情的手臂，迎接着五湖四海的朋友们。 Anhui Huangshan Mountains Scenic Spot In 1990 December, Anhui Huangshan Mountains Scenic Spot was collected into "Directory of World Cultural and Natural Heritage" by the UN Organization of Science, Education and Culture. Huangshan Mountains stands towering in the south of Anhui province (north latitude 30.1 degree, eastern longitude 118.1 degree), near to She, Yi, Taiping and Xiuning four counties; it occupies an area of 250 km2, of which 154 km2 is the core of the scenery. As it was said that Xueyuan emperor was ever cultivating his morality and developing pills of immortality here, Huangshan Mountains was originally named Yi Mountain. Not only is Huangshan Mountains famous for its beauty and elegance, but it is a scenic spot of national level with its high value in science and ecological environment, it has rich natural resources and a comprehensive ecology; it belongs to the family of world heritage of culture and nature, and has been collected into "the Directory of World Cultural and Natural Heritage". As early as millions of years ago when the Earth's crust was in an overactive state, Huangshan Mountains had been erecting high above the sea level; it had finally grown into a vigorous scene through the tempering of the century of the 4th Glacier. There is quite a scene inside the 154km2-acerage of Huangshan Mountains. The development of this breathtaking state is made up of many coarse types of granite, which often primarily grows into up-straight state. Because of the force of erosion and collapsing, the rock gradually is changing into huge post-like shape, thus helps the come-into-being of the imposing queer peaks and valleys. The main peak is called Lotus Peak, 1864 meters in height; it is in hand-in-hand state with the flat Guang Mingding, and the precipitous Tuandu Peak; Lotus is standing at the center of the scene, with other 77 high peaks, all of which are more than one thousand meters high, scattering nearby. Many exquisite rocks are distributed among these steepy peaks, of which, 120 are formally named. Their shape resemble with rare birds and animals, figures in fairy tales. The mountains area is primarily covered with Huangshan pine tree, they stubbornly break the rock and emerge off the soil; you can find them even in the most dangerous place, such as the cliff and the deep valley, posing their muscularity frankly. Huangshan pine tree is in a dominant position in this area, there are around 30 kinds of them have received general recognition, such as Yingke Pine, Wolong Pine, Tanhai Pine, Black Tiger Pine, etc. People are astonished at their perseverance and vitality, which helps them survive the cold wind, heavy rains, snows, and other elements. Huangshan Cloud shuttles back and forth among the countless peaks, their vastness and generosity can be ranked abreast with the sea; they present a beautiful scene with the dawn fog and the setting sun. Huangshan Hot Spring, which had ever been called as "Ling Spring", "Tang Spring", "Vermilion Spring", is celebrated for its fresh, clean and cool nature, and it can serve various purposes, such as drinking, bathing; it is a wonder of Huangshan. Huangshan Mountains is the watershed of the two main rivers, Yangtze River and Qiantang River. The special geographic position has cultivated the development of 36 big canyons, the sources of 36 branches, therefore, Huangshan is also famous for its waterfalls, and some famous ones are "Renzi Fall", "Baizhang Fall", and "Nine Dragons Fall". As the vertical cleavage of the rocks is very finely developed, there have formed many magnificent and beautiful caves and tunnels, which add another crucial credit to the beauty of Huangshan. On the walls of these caves and tunnels, people found more than 200 valuable sculptures, writing and paintings, inscribing the history and culture of ancient times. Huangshan Mountains virtually presents a long three-dimensional picture scroll, with the rising and setting sun, the cloud and the fog, the pine trees and the religious smell, the beauty of the Autumn and glaciers, the valleys and the singing birds, the perfume of the flower and its culture. Huangshan is the integration of natural beauty, the favorite son of the universe. It is here that wherever you go, you will find yourself surrounded by strange, beautiful, dangerous scene; each corner is an outstanding masterpiece of God, an earthly paradise, at which you couldn't help yourself sighing with feelings at the majestic power of nature. Huangshan Mountains is one of the most precious heritages of human kind, and one of the most famous scenic spot in the world. Huangshan Mountains opens her generous arms to the guests from allover the world. 承德避暑山庄 1994年12月，河北承德避暑山庄及周围寺庙被联合国科教文组织评为”世界文化遗产”。 避暑山庄，又称承德离宫，或称热河行宫，位于河北省承德市中心区北部。是清代皇帝夏日避暑和处理政务的场所。始建于清康熙四十二年（1703年），乾隆五十七年（1792年）竣工。总面积564万平方米，建筑面积约10万平方米，建筑物达110余处，总计184景（包括康熙、乾隆题名的36景），蜿蜒起伏的宫墙长达10公里，是我国现存占地最大的古代帝王宫苑。 避暑山庄以朴素淡雅的山村野趣为格调，取自然山水之本色，吸收江南塞北之风光，形成规模宏大的皇家园林。宫墙不饰朱红，用当地的自然毛石砌筑；宫殿采用北方民居四合院形式修建，青砖青瓦白灰勾缝，不饰彩绘，以其淡妆与浓抹的北京紫禁城形成对比。避暑山庄分宫殿区和苑景区两大部分。宫殿区是皇帝处理朝政、举行庆典和生活起居的地方，占地10万平方米，由正宫、松鹤齐、万壑松风和东宫四组建筑组成。苑景区又分湖洲区、平原区和山峦区。湖洲区洲岛错落，碧波荡漾、富有江南鱼米之乡的特色。东北角有清泉，即著名的热河泉。平原区西部绿草如茵，一派蒙古草原风光；东部古木参天，具有大兴安岭莽莽森林景象。整个山庄模拟全国自然地理风貌，融会南北园林特色，综合全国各地建筑艺术风格，创造了极富自然情趣的优美景观。 在避暑山庄东面和北面的山麓，分布着雄伟壮观的寺庙群，这就是外八庙。她们是自康熙五十二年（1713年）至乾隆四十五年（1780年）陆续修建的。其名称分别为：安达庙、普宁寺、须弥福思之庙、普陀宗乘之庙、殊象寺。外八庙以汉式宫殿建筑艺术特征，创造了中国的多样统一的寺庙建筑风格。外八庙的主要建筑为普乐寺、普宁寺、须弥福寿之庙。普乐寺的主题建筑旭光阁，重檐圆顶，造型优美，类似北京祈年殿。普宁寺大乘之阁的千手千眼观音菩萨通高23.511米，全身重110吨，是世界上最高最大的木制佛像。须弥福寿之庙，为六世班禅讲经之所。其主题建筑妙高壮严殿富丽堂皇，殿顶四脊各有金龙两条，姿态生动。普陀宗乘之庙，仿拉萨布达拉宫形制而建，有小布达拉宫之称。 Chengde Summer Resort & Its Surrounding Temples in Hebei In 1994 December, Chengde Summer Resort, Hebei was honored as "World Cultural and Natural Heritage" by the UN Organization of Science, Education and Culture. Also known as Chengde Li Palace and Rehe Imperial Palace, the Summer Resort is situated in the north part of the city center of Chengde, Hebei. It is here that the emperor of Qing dynasty to spend summer holidays and handle governmental affairs. It was originally built in Kangxi 42nd year (1703), and finished in Qianlong 57th year (1792). The total acreage is 5640 thousand m2, with a building area of about 100 thousand m2, and there are more than 110 construction sites and all together 184 scenic spots (including the 36 sites titled by Kangxi and Qianlong); the winding palace wall is more than 190 km long; it is the biggest ancient emperor palace now exist in China. The Summer Resort is take the simple and subtle smell of the suburb as its style, it relies on the original color of the natural elements, features the charm of south Changjiang River, the scale is a astonishment. The palace wall is not painted in red, but the natural color of the local material; the palace imitated the layout of the courtyard of northern China, it is too, simply decorated, featuring blue bricks and tiles, it provides a drastic contrast with the style of the Forbidden City. The Summer Resort can be divided into Palace area and park area. Palace area is the place where the emperor took care of the governmental affairs, held celebration and rest , it is 100 thousand m2 large, comprising the main palace, Songhe Qi, Wanghe Songfeng and East Palace four parts. Park area can again be divided into Huzhou zone, plain zone and mountains zone. Huzhou zone features countless islands, ripple lakes, it is famed as a land flowing with milk and honey in south Changjiang River. In the northeast corner, located Qing spring, it is the famous Rehe spring. The west of plain zone is a land of green grass, it can remind you the landscape in Mongolia; to the east, the old trees are in dominant position, it resembles the phenomenon of Great Xingan Mountains. The entire Summer Palace is a collection of the natural landscapes throughout the country; it integrates the characters of scenes across the country; it is an improvement of the architectural style of the whole country. To the east and north of the Summer Palace, distributed the grand and huge temple constructions, this is what famed as Waiba Temple. They were constructed during Kangxi 52nd year (1713) to Qianlong 45th year (1780). They are: Anda Temple, Puning Temple, Xumifusi Temple, Putuozongcheng Temple, Shuxiang Temple. Waiba Temple features the artistic style of the palace in Han dynasty and creates the standard architectural style in temple for China.The main building in Waiba Temple consists of Pule Temple, Puning Temple, Xumifusi Temple. Xuguang Hall, the theme architecture of Pule Temple, enjoys an elegant charm, just like a duplicate of Qinian Palace in Beijing. The figure of Kwan-yin with a thousand arms and eyes in Dachengzhi Hall of Puning Temple, is 23.511 meters high and 110 tons heavy, it is the biggest wooden Buddhist statue in the world. Xumifushou Temple is the place where the 6th Panchen taught his doctrines. Its main architecture, Miaogaozhuangyan Palace, is beautiful and imposing, on the four ridges crouch two vivid dragons. Putuozongcheng Temple is an imitation of the Potala Palace in Tibet, and it is known as the small Potala Palace. 您现在的位置：关于中国 About China / 中国旅游 Chinese Travel / 世界遗产 The World Legacy 明清皇家陵寝 2000年11月，明清皇家陵寝被联合国教科文组织评为“世界文化遗产”。 地处华北的明清皇家陵寝是中国现存规模最大、体系最完整的古代帝王后妃陵墓群。 明陵在北京市西北约四十四公里的昌平区天寿山下的小盆地上。陵区面积达四十平方公里，包括有长陵、献陵、景陵、裕陵、茂陵、泰陵、康陵、永陵、昭陵、定陵、庆陵、德陵、思陵等十三处明朝皇帝的陵墓，统称“明十三陵”。 陵区内还曾建有妃子墓七座、太监墓一座和行宫、苑囿等附属建筑。这里埋葬著明代的十三个皇帝和二十三个皇后，以及众多的嫔妃、太子、公主和从葬的宫女们。整个陵区原来四周都有陵墙，正门开在南端，蟒山、虎峪嵯峨两侧，好似一龙一虎踞守大门。从明永乐七年(一四零九年)起二百多年间都被定为禁地，驻有陵卫。 清代皇家陵寝由东陵和西陵组成。 清东陵位于河北省遵化县马兰峪，始建于清顺治十八年，共有帝、后、嫔妃陵寝十四座，安葬著清代顺治、康熙、乾隆、咸丰、同治五位皇帝、孝庄文、容妃、慈安、慈禧等十五位皇后、一百三十六位嫔妃、一位阿哥和五位公主。 清西陵位于河北省易县县城西十四公里的永宁山下，距北京一百二十馀公里。陵内埋葬著雍正、嘉庆、道光、光绪四个皇帝、九个皇后、五十六个嫔妃以及王公、公主，共计七十六个。 众陵以长陵为中心，有一公共神道自南端陵门直达仗陵。在长达7千米的主神道上建有石牌坊、大宫、碑亭、华表、石像生、龙风门等建筑，这些不仅是皇威的象征，由此也用以造成谒陵气氛。 十三陵中以长陵建筑最为宏伟，它与定陵一起，同为主要参观对象。 长陵是明成祖朱慷的陵寝建筑，横恩殿亦称献殿、享殿，是长陵的主体建筑，是举行祭祖的重要场所。长陵被恩殿建于1427年，十分雄伟壮观，它耸立在三层汉白玉台基之上，面阔九间，进深五间，总面积为1956平方米，殿内有32恨金丝柄木明柱，最大的直径1·17米，高14·30米。梁、柱、擦、椽、斗拱等构件，皆用椭木制作，虽历时五百余年，仍牢固如旧，香气袭人。它是我国最大的一座柄木殿堂。 定陵是明神宗帝朱谢钧的陵寝，他10岁即位，年号万历，是明朝在位时间最长的一位皇帝(48年)。 陵园规制仿照长陵。定陵地宫己于1956一1958年被科学发掘，现已修建成定陵地下博物馆。 地下宫殿由前、中、后及左、右五座高大宽阔的殿堂连结而成，全部是拱券式石结构建筑。在这些殿堂间共有石门七座。石门设计非常科学，由于其重心集中在轴部，虽重达4吨，但开启十分灵活轻巧。 地宫的平面布局基本上采用"前朝后寝"的制度。前殿没有任何摆设，相当于宫前广场，中殿相当于前朝月宫殿的正殿，内有三个用汉白玉雕成的"宝座"，呈品字形排列，座前各有一座黄色琉璃"五供"，即香、烛、花，还有青花云纹大瓷缸各一口，缸盛满香油，专供长明灯使用。左右配殿无任何随葬器物。后殿相当于寝殿，称为"玄堂"，是地宫的主要部分，为放置棺椁之处所。棺床中央放置万历皇帝和孝端、孝靖两皇后的棺椁，三具棺椁周围放有梅瓶、玉料及装满随葬金银玉器的红漆木箱26只，各棺椁内也装有大批随葬物品。 在定陵出土的随葬品中，皇冠和凤冠最引人注目。万历皇帝的金冠通体用极细的金丝编结而成，上嵌二龙戏珠。在精美的首饰中，万历帝的金冠可谓稀世之宝，冠顶镶嵌着的食指大小的猫眼石光芒四射。 Royal Mausoleum of Ming and Qing Dynasties In 2000 November, Royal Mausoleum of Ming and Qing dynasty was honored "World Cultural Heritage" by the UN Organization of Science, Education and Culture. Locating in Northern China, the Royal Mausoleum of Ming and Qing dynasty is the biggest and most completed among the mausoleums that still exist today in China for emperor and empress built in ancient time. Ming Mausoleum is built in a small basin on the foot of Tianshou Mountain in Changping district, the northwest area of Beijing, and 44km away from the downtown. The mausoleum is 40km2 large, consists of 13 tombs of Ming dynasty, such as Chang Ling, Xianling, Jingling, Yuling, Maoling, Tailing, Kangling, Yongling, Zhaoling, Dingling, Qingling, Deling, Siling, etc, they are generally known as "Ming Thirteen Mausoleum". Inside the big cemetery, there were ever 7 tombs for imperial concubines, one for court eunuch, one temporary imperial palace, and some other auxiliary construction such as enclosed breeding ground. Here is where 13 emperors and 23 empress of Ming dynasty were buried, together with many imperial concubines, princes, princesses, and many maids. There were big walls on all the four sides of the mausoleum, with the main gate opened towards south; on the two sides of the place, are two high mountains, Boa Mountain and Tiger Mountain, just like one tiger and one dragon guarding the gate. It had been appointed as forbidden area ever since Yongge 7th, Ming dynasty (1409), and was guarded by many soldiers. Dong Ling and Xi Ling make up the royal mausoleum of Qing dynasty. Dong Ling of Qing dynasty was built in Malanyu, Zunhua county, Hebei province; it was originally constructed from Shunzhi 18th year, Qing dynasty; there are 14 cemeteries for emperor, empress, and imperial concubine, and Shunzhi, Kangxi, Qianlong, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, five emperors of Qing, and 15 empresses, Xiao Zhuangwen, Rongfei, Cian, Cixi, etc, 136 imperial concubines, one young prince, and five princesses. Xi Ling of Qing dynasty is situated on the foot of Yongle Mountain, 14 km away from the Yixian county, Hebei province, and is over 120 km to Beijing. It is the rest place for four emperors of Qing, Yongzheng, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Guangxu, and 9 empresses, 56 imperial cuncumbines, and 76 princesses and dukes. Chang Ling is the center of all the cemeteries, and there is a holy path started from the south gate up to Chang Ling. On the two sides of the 7000-meter long holy path, constructed stone tablets, shrines, stele pavilions, ornamental columns, stone figures, dragon wind gate, etc, these are not only the symbol of high authority, but also a essential atmosphere necessary for the mausoleum. Chang Ling, is the cemetery of Zhu Kang, a emperor in Ming dynasty, with En Palace, also known as Xian Palace and Xiang Palace as its main architecture, they are the important place for ancestor worship. Beien Palace in Chang Ling was constructed in 1427, it is built on the 3-floor stone platform, indeed grand and elegant, 9 houses in width and 5 houses in depth, occupying 1956 m2; there are 32 pillars inside the palace, among which the biggest one has a 1.17-meter diameter, and 14.3 meters high. All the supporting material, such the ridge, pillar, rafter, etc, are made of precious wood, although having experienced more than 500 years, they are still as strong and fragrant as before. This is the biggest Bing wood palace in our country. Ding Ling, is the cemetery for Zhu Xiejun, an emperor of Ming dynasty, he assumed the throne at the age of 10, Wanli is the title of his reign, he is the emperor who governed the country for a longest period in Ming dynasty (49 years). The designer of Ling Yuan imitated the layout of Chang Ling. Scientists found the base palace of Ding Ling from 1956 to 1958, now it has been changed into a underground museum. The underground palace is made up of five tall palaces linking with each other in front, middle, behind, left and right five positions, all of which are stone structure architecture with a unique style. These palaces have 7 stone gates, they are all scientifically designed, with the center of gravity in the axle, they can be easily moved despite their 4-ton weight. The plane layout of the underground palace basically adopts the system of "court front house behind". There is virtually no arrangements in the front palace, equal to the square before the palace; the middle palace is equal to the main palace of moon palace of front court, with 3 "thrones" of white marble set inside, sitting in a triangle shape, in front each of the thrones, there is one "five arch" made of yellow colored glaze, that is incense, candle and flower, and one porcelain pot with blue flower pattern, full of sesame oil serving the votary lamp. There is no item buried with the dead in the right and left side halls. The back palace is equal to rest room, called as "Xuan Hall", it is the place for coffins, and therefore it is the major part of the underground palace. In the coffin bed, rest three coffins for emperor Wanli, and empress Xiaoduan and Xiaojing, surround the coffin bed, lay 26 red wood box full of plum bottle, jade and treasures, and the same in all of the coffins. Among all the items buried with the dead, the crowns and phoenix coronets are really dazzling. Emperor Wanli's golden crown Tongti is made of gold thread, inlayed with two dragons playing with pearl. Among the sparkling jewelries, emperor Wanli's golden crown could be considered as rare treasure, it is mounted with many dazzling thumb-sized cat eyes. 苏州园林—留园 留园位于苏州阊门外，原是明嘉靖年间太仆寺卿徐泰时的东园。园巾假山为叠石名家周秉忠(时臣)所作。清嘉庆年间，刘恕以故园改筑，名寒碧山庄，又称刘园。园中聚太湖石十二峰，蔚为奇观。咸宁年间，苏州诸园颇多毁损，而此园独存。光绪初年为盛康所得，修葺拓建，易名留园。现全园占地约50亩，大致可分中、东、西、北叫个景区。其间以曲廊相连。迂回连绵，达700余米，通幽度壑，秀色迭出。 中部是原来寒碧山庄的基址．中辟广池，西、北为山．东、南为建筑。假山以土为主，叠以黄石，气势浑厚。山上古木参天，显出一派山林森郁的气氛。山曲之间水涧蜿蜒，仿佛池水之源。池南涵碧山房、明瑟楼是故园的上体建筑，楼阁如前舱。敞厅如中舱。形如画舫。楼阁东侧有绿荫轩，小巧雅致，临水挂 落与栏杆之间，涌出一幅山水画卷。涵碧山房西侧有爬山廊，随山势高下起伏，连接山顶闻木樨香轩。山上遍植桂花，每至秋日，香气浮动，沁人心脾。此处山高气爽，环顾四周，满同景色尽收眼底。池中小蓬莱岛浮现十碧波之上。池东濠濮亭、曲溪楼、西楼、清风池馆掩映于山水林木之间，进退起伏．错落有致。池北山石兀立，涧壑隐现，可亭亢于山冈之上，有凌空欲飞之势。 东部重门叠户，庭院深深。院落之间以漏窗、门洞、廊庑沟通穿插，互相对比映衬，成为苏州园林中院落空间最富变化的建筑群。土厅五峰仙馆俗称楠木厅，厅内装修精美，陈设典雅。其西，有鹤所、石林小院、揖峰轩、还我读书处等院落，竹石倚墙，芭蕉映窗，满目诗情画意。林泉耆硕之馆为鸳鸯厅，中间以雕镂剔透的圆洞落地罩分隔，厅内陈设古雅。厅北矗立着著名的留园三峰．冠云峰居中，瑞云峰、岫云峰屏立左右。冠云峰高6.5米，玲珑剔透，相传为宋代花石纲遗物，系江南园林巾最高大的一块湖石。峰石之前为浣云沼，周围建有冠云楼、冠云亭、冠云台、伫云庵等．均为赏石之所。 西部以假山为主，土石相间，浑然天成。山上枫树郁然成林，盛夏绿荫蔽口，深秋红霞似锦。至乐亭、舒啸亭隐现于林木之中。臀高望远，可借西郊名胜之景。山左云墙如游龙起伏。山前曲溪宛转，流水淙淙。东麓有水阁"活泼泼地"．横卧于溪涧之卜，令人有水流不尽之感。 北部原有建筑早已废毁，现广植竹、李、桃、杏，"又一村"等处建有葡萄、紫藤架。其余之地辟为盆景园，花木繁盛，犹存田园之趣。 留园以宜居宜游的山水布局，疏密有致的丰间刘比。独具风采的石峰景观，成为江南园林艺术的杰出典范。 Liuyuan（Lingering Garden） The name Liuyuan or Lingering Garden actually means lingering in the world. First constructed in Jiajing Period of Ming Dynasty (1522-1566), it is praised as one of the nation's four famous gardens. The other three are the Summer Palace in Beijing, the Imperial Summer Resort in Chengde, and the Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou. Two Hectares in size, the Lingering Garden is one of the largest gardens in Suzhou. Divided by halls, whitewashed walls, corridors an doors in space, the whole garden appears to have a dozen of small or large courtyards with the skillful decoration of rockeries, ponds, trees and flowers. It is a clear demonstration of the artistic features of Jiangnan landscaped gardens. The garden consists of four parts: the central part is the most picturesque, known for its streams and rockeries; the eastern part wins its fame for its courtyards and buildings. That's where the famous King of Taihu Stone, "Cloud-capped Peak" is located. The northern part has a style of pastoral scenery, while the western part provides visitors interests of woods with its towering trees. To have so many different tastes of scenery in one, the Lingering Garden is the only place a visitor can find in Suzhou. 拙政园 拙政园位于苏州古城东北街178号，占地面积52000平方米。这是一座始建于公元十五世纪初的古典园林，具有浓郁的江南水乡特色，经过几百年的苍桑变迁，至今仍保持着平淡疏朗、旷远明瑟的明代风格，被誉为"中国私家园林之最"。 明代正德四年（1509），官场失意还乡的朝廷御史王献臣建造此园，取晋代潘岳《闲居赋》中"灌园鬻蔬，以供朝夕之膳，是亦拙者之为政也"之意，名"拙政园"。四百多年来，拙政园几度分合，或为"私人"宅园，或做"金屋"藏娇，或是"王府"治所，留下了许多诱人探寻的遗迹和典故。 全园分东、中、西、住宅四部分。东部明快开朗，以平冈远山、松林草坪、竹坞曲水为主。主要景点有：兰雪堂、缀全园分东、中、西、住宅四部分。东部明快开朗，以平冈远山、松林草坪、竹坞曲水为主。主要景点有：兰雪堂、缀云峰、芙蓉榭、天泉亭、秫香馆等。中部山水明秀，厅榭典雅，花木繁茂，是全园的精华所在。池水面积占1/3，以水为主，池广树茂，景色自然，临水布置了形体不一、高低错落的建筑，主次分明。主要景点有：远香堂、香洲、荷风四面亭、见山楼、小飞虹、枇杷园等。西部水廊逶迤，楼台倒影，清幽恬静。西部主体建筑为靠近住宅一侧的卅六鸳鸯馆，水池呈曲尺形，其特点为台馆分峙、回廊起伏，水波倒影，别有情趣，装饰华丽精美。主要景点有：卅六鸳鸯馆、倒影楼、与谁同坐轩、水廊等。住宅为"苏州园林博物馆"，共四进，庭院深深，设：园原、园史、园趣、园治四个展厅。该馆为我国第一座园林专题博物馆，展现了苏州园林在二千多年悠悠岁月中美的历程和旖旎风采。 拙政园为世界文化遗产，中国四大名园之一、国家aaaa级旅游点，全国特殊游览参观点、全国重点文物保护单位、迄今为止同时具备这五项桂冠的全国仅拙政园一家。每年，数以百万计的中外游人前来观光旅游，他（她）陶醉在古老、文明的传统文化之中。 Zhuozhengyuan（Humble Administrator's Garden） Zhuozhengyuan, or the Humble Administrator's Garden, is one of the four famous landscaped gardens in our country. It is among the first group of Historical Monuments and Cultural Relics under State Protection and is also listed as the World Natural Heritage. It was first built in the fourth year of Zhengde period in Ming Dynasty. Later Censor Wang Xianchen rebuilt it when returning home because of his failure in his official career. The garden was named after the connotation of one sentence from Pan Yue's article in Jin Dynasty. In the article "Watering Vegetables in the Yard", he said "to supply three meals a day, this is also a way of administration by humble ones". The Humble Administrator's Garden was laid out in line with the local conditions. It was designed with the lotus pond at the center, surrounded by other pavilions and halls at random. In a natural style of primitive simplicity, these buildings still maintain the distinctive feature of Ming Dynasty with vast ponds and lush trees. Without going out of the city can man attain a pleasure in the woods here. The whole garden consists of 3 parts and some residential buildings. These 3 parts are divided into the eastern, western and middle part. Every part has its own distinctive features. "Its layout is so attractive that it leaves no pity for the visitors." 北京天坛 1987年12月，天坛被联合国教科文组织评为”世界文化遗产”。 位于故宫东南方向数公里处，有一座巨大的祭天神庙，这就是天坛。天坛总面积是270万平方米，比故宫还要大4倍。中国的皇帝称“天子”，也就是“天的儿子”，天子的居所自然不敢大过“老天”的了。 今日天安门东侧的劳动人民文化宫是皇帝祭祖的地方，西侧的中山公园是祭祀丰收神即五谷耕地之所。在整个北京城里，北有地坛祭地，南有天坛祭天，东有日坛祭太阳，西有月坛祭月亮，其中的天坛最为光彩夺目，气宇非凡。 天坛的建筑在一条中轴线上，最南的围墙呈方型，象征地，最北的围墙呈半圆型，象征天，这种设计来自远古“天圆地方”的思想。中轴线上的三大建筑，构成了天坛的核心。南方一座叫圜丘坛，坛呈圆型，高5米，直径23米。坛中心是一块圆石，外转共有9圈扇型石板，最中心一圈为9块，然后按9的倍数增加，第9圈共有81块，当年皇帝们就站在圆坛的中心虔诚地祭祀苍天。 The Temple of Heaven in Beijing In 1987 December, The Temple of Heaven in Beijing was honored as "World Cultural and Natural Heritage" by the UN Organization of Science, Education and Culture. Dozens of kilometers southeast to the Imperial Palace, there is a huge altar temple, the Temple of Heaven. The total acreage of the Temple of Heaven is 2700 thousand square meters, it is four times greater than the Imperial Palace. In China, the emperor is called the "Godson", that is why the size of the residence of son dares not to exceed that of God. Today, the Working People Cultural Palace standing east to the Tian An Men is where the emperor made ancestor worship in the past, while the Zhongshan Garden to the west, is the place where the Harvest God is worshiped. In the Beijing urban area, we have the Temple of Earth in the north, the Temple of heaven in the south, the Temple of Sun in the east, and the Temple of Moon in the west, among which, the Temple of Heaven is the grandest and the most dazzling. The Temple of Heaven is located on the axle wire, the most southern wall is in square shape, standing for the Earth, while most northern wall is in a semi-circle shape, standing for heaven; this design comes form the concept of "heaven round earth square". The three major constructions on the axle wire constitute the core of the Temple of Heaven. In the south, there is an altar called Huanqiu Altar, it is in a round shape, and 5 meters in height, its diameter is 23 meters. There is a round rock in the center of the altar, and in the outside area, there are 9 circles fan-shaped slates, in the core, the number of the slate is 9, and the number is increased by 9, thus, there are 81 slates in the 9th circle, in the past, the emperors stood at the center of the altar to make heaven worship. The famous Qinian Palace is at the most northern part, this is the grandest, most brilliant and most dazzling architecture, and people used to believe that here, is nearest to heaven. The emperor went here slowly, he slaughtered the livestock and burned the incense, and held a "holy conversation" to pray for favorable weather. There are 3 layers of roofs inside Qinian Palace, all of which are covered with deep blue glazed tiles; they are the symbol of weather. The hall is supported by 28 big pillars made of nanmao, with the four thickest ones standing in the center, representing the four seasons; and the surrounding 24 pillars is divided into two circles, the 12 pillars in the inner circle stand for the 12 months, while the other 12 pillars in the outer circle stand for 12 hours; while the total of the 24 pillars symbolize the solar period in Chinese calendar. Standing in the hall, looking upward, you will feel you are under the power of heaven. The Temple of Heaven is also famous for its marvelous echo. If you stand in the center of Huanqiu Altar and shout, you will hear a strong and clear echo from the deep part of the earth, or from the heaven, thus people give it a mysterious name, "Heaven Heart Rock". The wall around the Huang Qiongyu is 0.9-meter thick, even if you whisper to the wall, people can hear it clearly if they put their ears close to the wall, and there is stereo effect, this is "Echo Wall". This is a proof that Chinese people were able to apply acoustic theory as early as 500 years ago. 长城 万里蜿蜒于中华大地的长城，以其无比宏伟的雄姿久闻于世。今天在“爱我中华、修我长城”的号召下，许多地方已修缮一新，更加气势磅礴，成为我国名胜之首。它吸引着国内外成千上万的游人，以一览长城为平生快事。凡到过长城的人，莫不叹为观止。 像巨龙般腾越在崇山峻岭、沙漠戈壁的长城，是由城关、城墙、敌台、烽火台等构成的，是我国古代各地和各民族统治集团间的军由各族人民反复多次修筑而成的事防御工程体系。它是两三千年来，，体现着中华民族的伟大力量和坚强意志，成为我国古代文明中的一项光辉灿烂的瑰宝。长城内外各族人民在无数次斗争和长期交往中，发生过许多可歌可泣的动人故事，吸引着历代文人墨客为它们赋诗作画，在我国文学艺术宝库中，增添了许多优美动人的篇章与画卷。 远在公元前十一世纪，我国西周就有“城彼朔方”的记载。公元前七到三世纪的春秋战国时期，各诸侯国互相吞并，形成群雄并立不断混战的局面，他们在自己的边境，先后筑起长城以自卫。如楚率先在南阳地区筑方城数百里；齐则在山东从平阴到东海边琅琊台筑长城，又沿黄河故道筑堤为城；中山、魏、韩、燕、赵、秦等国，各修筑长城数百里至数千里。当时长城总长已上万里，不过是分散各自独立而已。 公元前221年，秦始皇统一六国后，一方面拆毁诸国间的长城，另一方面为防北边匈奴，又调动军民上百万人，命大将蒙恬督筑长城，西起洮河沿黄河向东，再按原秦、赵、燕长城走向一直到辽东，绵亘万余里，成为我国最早的万里长城。 西汉时，北部的匈奴族更强盛，屡向南犯，汉朝除采取通好、和亲及出击等手段外，并着手大规模兴筑长城以固边陲。除修缮秦长城外，西面更增筑河西、玉门关、居延泽等长城。北出雁门，五原阴山，东循燕秦长城，从辽东到最西的玉门关，长达两万余里。并列亭西至楼兰，北至胪朐(乌兰巴托东北地区)，规模远逾秦代。东汉初北防鲜卑、西防羌戎，又在西汉长城以内，大兴障塞堠坞，总长也达万里以上。两汉时期一北一南所筑长城，是历代规模最大的。 此后，北方各族逐渐进入华北、关中，直至中原，建立起北朝政权，形成南北朝对峙的局面。北朝的北魏、东魏、北齐、北周先后在黄河套以北东至辽西地区，修筑了多重的长城，纵横交错，总长也上万里。隋统一全国后，在黄河中上游由云中经五原、榆林、宁夏至陇西，筑长城四五千里，与北朝在东部的长城正好构成又一体系。 唐代国势强盛，长城以北以西的各部族都归附通好，因此未筑长城，仅在阴山内建“受降城”三座，东西互距四百里，并连以城障；在甘肃西部复筑瓜州故城。这时，东部的高丽为了防唐，在我国东北由扶余、开原、新宾至朝鲜大同江口筑长城二千余里。 朱、辽、金时期，华北的燕云十六州尽归契丹、河西已属西夏、北宋只修治了雁门险阻。以后辽金相继强盛，深入淮汉、以至江北，造成南宋偏安局面，再无力去修筑长城。北方辽金政权却因与蒙古和其他各族间的斗争与矛盾，在今东北内蒙等地兴筑濠堑长城，总长也上万里，称明昌长城，俗称成吉思汗边墙。 明朝建立后，为防范元朝复辟及达旦、瓦刺、女真、吐蕃等族骚扰，在北方不断修筑长城，并且为抗击外国入侵，在东南沿海要地也零星筑了一些长城。明长城之多，是历代之最。主要长城从鸭绿江边的九连城到甘肃的嘉峪关，全长一万五千余里。在北京和山西偏关间，分成南北两道长城。在许多地段上长城除主城墙大边外，还有二边、三边、外边、内边、护边等多道的城墙，如雁门关外有大石墙三道、小石墙二十三道。其中从山海关到嘉峪关间的一万二千七百里的主长城保存较完善，特别是山海关到北京周围，经戚继光重新督筑过的长城最为壮观。 清朝初，在辽宁、吉林间筑了有名的盛京边墙(柳条边)，新旧边墙总长2600余里。对古长城也局部修缮了山海、居庸、雁门、嘉峪等关隘和长城的某些段落。中期以后就未再修缮了。 经历了长久的岁月和人为的破坏之后，许多古长城已到了十分零落的程度。就是明长城也遭到许多损毁。但是，总长十几万里的中华巨龙，仍然是人类古代最巨大壮观的工程。并、因且它在不同时代、不同地点险制塞、呈现着千姿百态、无一类同的奇丽景观，体现了建筑上的艺术才思。长城内外我国各族人民，经过长期交往，终于突破人为的分割阻碍，已凝结成统一团结和睦友爱的中华民族大家庭。长城作为我们中华伟大文明古国的象征，既是我们民族感到自豪、也为世界各地人民所向往，它将为增进各国人民的友谊作出重大的贡献。 The Great Wall The Great Wall is well-known because of its magnificent majestic appearance. Now, in the call of "Loving our China, repairing our Great Wall", many places of The Great Wall have been repaired, which makes it more boundless. The Great Wall has become the head key point of interest in China. More and more foreign people are attracted by it. The people who visited it are all acclaim as the peak of perfection. The Great Wall convolves on the ridges of mountains and desert. It's made up of city gates, circumvallation, enemy towers, signal beacon towers and so on, it was the martial recovery engineering system of the different place and nations in China Long time ago. It was built through several thousands years by Chinese people, it's the embodiment of the Great power and strong purpose of Chinese people. It has become the irradiant treasure of our Chinese archaic civilization. Many moving stories have taken place between the people inside and outside the Great Wall in the long-term wars and social intercourse, and it has been attracting many bookmen to paint it, which added so many cantos and paints to our artistic thesaurus. B.c. Eleven Century, Xi-Zhou, Our country had the recordation that is "The city wall set down in the north". From B.c. Seven Century to B.c. Three Century that is called the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, The princes of many little states began to fight and swallow up each other. They all built the long city wall for self-defence, for instance, Chu state built its wall in the Nanyang district firstly, Qi state built its wall in the Shandong province, Zhongshan state, Wei state, Han state, Yan state, Zhao state, Qin state and so on all began to build their city wall. The whole circumvallation was more than five thousand kilometers long, but each part of it was separated from each other. B.c. 221 Year, QinShiHuang consolidated all six states, He pulled down the wall between the states one side, the other side he built the new city wall in the north to defense the Hun. He command MengTian general and thousands upon thousands people to build the new city wall, it stretch more than five thousand kilometre in an unbroken chain, which is the oldest Great Wall. During West Han period, the Hun in the north became stronger and stronger, so the Han state had to build new circumvallation and reinforce the old Qin Great Wall. and strengthen the old Qin Great Wall. From the eastern part Liaoning province to the YuMen gate, the Great Wall is longer than ten thousand kilometers. Its scale exceeds the Qin Great Wall's. During East Han period, people built new wall inside the West Han Great Wall to defense the Serbi and the Qiang nationalities. Its length is more than five kilometers. The Great Wall built in the two Han dynasties is the largest project in Chinese history. Since then, the nations in the north began to come into North China and central plains. They built North Dynasty, right against South Dynasty. West Wei state, East Wei state, West Qi state, and West Zhou state in North Dynasty, all built the multiple Great Wall in the north of Yellow River. The Sui Dynasty unified the whole China, and then built new circumvallation from the middle of the Yellow River to the western part of Gansu province. The wall is three thousand kilometers long and forms a new system with the eastern Great Wall. During Tang Dynasty, power of China was so strong that all nations in the north had to submit to Tang. Hence Tang hadn't built any new wall, but built three cities to accept surrender. At the time Gaoli nation built more than one thousand kilometers of Great wall from the northeast of China to the Datong River estuary, to defense Tang. In Zhu, Liao and Jin Period, North China was occupied by Khitan, and west parts of the Yellow River were occupied by West Xia, while North Song Dynasty just repaired Yan Gate. Since then, Liao and Jin states became stronger and stronger and occupied the whole north parts of the Yellow River, and South Song Dynasty had no ability to build any new Great Wall. But Liao-Jin regime built new Great Wall in the northeastern parts of Inner Mongolia to fight against other nations in the north. People often called it "Genghis khan City Wall". After Ming Dynasty was founded, the archons began to build new Great Wall in the north to defense Yuan state coming back and Dadan, Waci, Nvzhen etc. And they also built many Walls in southeastern China along the coast to defense foreign enemies. Ming Great Walls are most in Chinese history. Its main part begins from Yalu River to Jiayu Gate, and its length is more than seven thousand kilometers. Therefore, the part from ShanHai Gate to JiaYu Gate is kept best. At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, in the Liaoning and Jilin Province people built the ShengJing city wall which was 2600 kilometers long. And the people also repaired the ShanHai, JuYong, YanMen, JiaYu Gate etc. But from the metaphase of Qing Dynasty, the Great Wall was not repaired more. Now under weathering and man-made destroy, many parts of the Great Wall have become very slipshod, even including Ming Great Wall. But the Great Wall, more than a hundred thousand kilometers long, is a huge Chinese dragon and the best, greatest and grandest work in the whole human history. It also materializes architectural skills. Now the people inside and outside the Great Wall, through the long-term traffics, have united into one big family. The Great Wall is the symbol of China and Chinese pride. It also can promote friendship between Chinese and foreigners. 莫高窟 莫高窟位于敦煌市东南25公里处，大泉沟河床西岸，鸣沙山东麓的断崖上。洞窟始凿于前秦建元年（公元366年），现存491个洞窟，有2,400多尊雕塑，45,000 平方米壁画。是世界上现存规模最庞大的“世界艺术宝库”。一九八七年十二月被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。莫高窟艺术的特点表现在建筑、塑像和壁画三者的有机结合上。窟形建制分为禅窟、殿堂窟、穹隆顶窟、影窟等多种形制；彩塑分圆塑、浮塑、影塑、善业塑等；壁画类别分尊像画、经变画、故事画、佛教史迹画、建筑画、山水画、供养画、动物画、装饰画等不同内容，系统反映了十六国、北魏、西魏、北周、隋、唐、五代、宋、西夏、元等十多个朝代，东西方文化交流的各个方面，成为人类稀有的文化宝藏和财富。 自从1900年莫高窟藏经洞中发现了五万多卷宗教文书和世俗文书后，敦煌艺术震惊了世界，“敦煌学”已成为世界性的显学。由日本捐资，在莫高窟对面的三危山下，由敦煌研究院承建了敦煌艺术陈列中心，仿制了部分原大洞窟，使游客在莫高窟的观赏内容更加丰富多彩。 The Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes Located on cliffs 25 km southeast of Dunhuang.The first cave of the Mogao Grottoes was carved out in the year 366 and so far it has a history of more than 1600 years. Artworks of this treasure house cover architectural designs, sculptures and murals, and what has been preserved are 491 caves with 2,415 colored statues and 45,000 sq. m of murals. It is the greatest and most consummate gallery of Buddhist art in the world . The colored statues are divided into four categories, namely Buddha including Sakyamuni, Maitreya, Bhaisajyaguru (Medicine Buddha) and Amitabha; bodhisattva including Avalokitesvara, Manjusri, Samantabhadra and Bodhisattva the Great Power-coming; disciples of the Buddha including Ananda and Kasyapa; and heavenly warriors and earth dieties. All the statues reflect vividly the characteristics of different periods. The murals of mogao Grottoes, with Buddhist stories,figures in Buddhist scriptures,storids of natural lives, buddhist statues , apsaras,and decorative patterns and designs as the chief subject matter, reveal the great and profund Buddhist philosophical thinking. They also reflect the life and various societal aspects of China for a period of over 1,600 years. 庐山 庐山位于长江中游南岸江西省九江市南，中国第一大淡水湖鄱阳湖滨，是座地垒式断块山。相传在周朝时有匡氏七兄弟上山修道，结庐为舍，由此而得名。自古享有“匡庐奇秀甲天下”之盛誉。大山、大江、大湖浑然一体，险峻与柔丽相济，素以“雄、奇、险、秀”闻名于世。是中国名山之一，有雄奇挺秀的山峰，变幻莫测的云海，神奇多姿的流泉瀑布，文明悠久的历史古迹。庐山区长约25公里，宽约20公里，最高峰汉阳峰海拔1474米，牯岭街1167米，巍巍的庐山，远看有如一山飞峙大江边，近看千峰携手紧相连，横看铁壁钢墙立湖岸，侧看擎天一柱耸云间，正如宋代大文豪苏东坡诗云：“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同，不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。”庐山的地形成因是断裂隙起的断块山，周围断层颇多，特别是东南部和西北部，呈东北——西南走向的断层规模较大，由于这种断层块构造而形成的山体，故多奇峰峻岭，悬崖峭壁，千姿百态，有的浑圆如华盖，有的绵延似长城；有的高摩天穹，有的俯瞰波涛，有的象船航巷海，有的如龟行大地，雄伟状观、气象万千。山地的周围则满布着断崖峭壁，峙谷幽深；但从牯岭街至汉阳峰及其他山峰的相对高度却不大，走伏较小，谷地宽广，形成“外陡里平”的奇特地形，极便于旅游。 庐山处于亚热带季风区，雨量充沛、气候温和宜人，盛夏季节是高悬于长江中下游“热海中”的“凉岛”。庐山的年降水量可达1950—2000毫米，而山下的九江则为1400毫米左右，故山中温差大，云雾多，千姿百态，变幻无穷。有时山巅高出云层之上，从山下看山上，庐山云天飘渺，时隐时现，宛如仙境；从山上往山下看，脚下则云海茫茫，有如腾云驾雾一般。有时山上暗无天日，山下则是细雨飘飞，情趣异常。 这样的自然条件，使得庐山植物生长茂盛，植被丰富，随着海拔高度的增加，地表水热状况垂直分布，由山麓到山顶分别生长着常绿阔叶林，常绿及落叶阔叶混交林。据不完全统计，庐山植物有210科、735属、1720种，分为温带、热带、亚热带、东亚、北美和我国7个类型，是一座天然的植物园。 庐山主要风景名胜有五老峰、三叠泉、含鄱口、芦林湖、大天池、花径、如琴湖、锦绣谷、仙人洞、小天池、东林寺、白鹿洞书院、庐山植物园、庐山博物院等。牯岭镇是庐山上一座奇特的山城，也是庐山风景名胜区的游览中心。 庐山富有独特的庐山文化，具有重要的科学价值与美学价值。庐山风景名胜区面积302平方千米，外围保护地带500平方千米。庐山有独特的第四纪冰川遗迹，有河流、湖泊、坡地、山峰等多种地貌类型，有地质公园之称。 庐山地区地质构造复杂，形迹明显，展现出地壳变化的主要过程。第四纪庐山上升强烈，许多断裂构造形成众多山峰。庐山上升之际，周围相对下陷，鄱阳湖盆地进一步发展，形成鄱阳湖。北部以褶曲构造为主要特征，形成一系列谷岭地貌；南部和西北部则为一系列断层崖，形成高峻的山峰。山地中分布着宽谷和峡谷，外围则发育为阶地和谷阶。众多的奇峰、怪石、壑谷、瀑布、岩石等，形成了奇特瑰丽的山岳景观。大汉阳峰，海拔1474米，为庐山第一高峰。铁船峰，海拔950米，危崖耸立，似一艘巨舰，伟岸壮观。王家坡双瀑，飞瀑成双，势若二龙倚天，喷珠泻玉。三叠泉，既分为三叠，又呵成一气，落差达155米，风飘日映，千姿百态。 庐山是中国古代教育基地和宗教中心。白鹿洞书院创建于公元940年，居中国古代四大书院之首。宋代理学大师朱熹在此提出的教育思想成为中国古代教育的准则，在世界教育史上也有重要影响。 公元391年，佛教领袖慧远建立东林寺，是中国最早的寺庙园林。慧远在庐山活动了36年，创建净土法门，使庐山成为中国南方的佛教中心。公元5世纪，南朝道士陆修静在庐山开创道教南天师派。唐代马祖道在山上开创佛叫临济宗和沩仰宗，影响极大。到宋代，庐山有寺庙多达361座。明清以后，伊斯兰教、基督教、天主教也在庐山建堂传教。经过1600年的发展，庐山已形成一山兼聚五教的罕见现象。 庐山有至今保存完好的国际别墅群落。庐山是中外闻名的避暑胜地，现有英、美、德、法等18个国家建筑风格的别墅600余栋。美庐别墅、原歇尔曼别墅、原威廉斯别墅等已成为国家文物保护单位。在中国的名山中，唯有庐山有这样大规模的“世界村”。 庐山于1996年被列为世界遗产名录。 Lushan National Park Lushan Mountain is located in the northern part of Jiangxi Province, to the south of the Yangtze River and northwest of the Poyang Lake. According to records, it has a history of more than 2,000 years. The scenic area, covering 302 square kilometers, houses 16 natural wonders, 474 scenic spots and 171 peaks, of which the highest peak, the Dahanyang Peak, is 1,474 meters above sea level. The scenery in Lushan Mountain scenic area is breathtaking. It is full of sheer peaks and precipices, changeable clouds and fogs, silver springs and flying waterfalls. The flora is diverse and comprises about 3,000 species. Features of glaciation during the Quaternary Period make Lushan Mountain even more mysterious. There are millions of migratory birds in the Poyang Lake area. The dancing of the largest number of cranes over the water makes it a world wonder. White Deer Cave Academy in Mt. Lushan Lushan Mountain abounds in historic and cultural relics. The great historian of the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), Sima Qian, once climbed Lushan Mountain, and wrote about it in his classic The Records of the Great Historian. Bailudong Shuyuan (White Deer Cave Academy) was the most famous of the four biggest academies in ancient China, and enjoys high prestige in the Chinese history of education. The Donglin Temple (East Grove Temple), built by eminent monks in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was the birthplace of the Jintu (Pure Earth) Sect of Buddhism. More than 1,500 noted figures in history visited this Mountain, leaving behind some 4,000 pieces of verse and over 900 inscriptions on the cliffs, as well as other writings, prints and calligraphic works. There are about 600 villas here, with the styles of 18 nations and cultures. -- Cultural Heritage According to legend, Dayu (the Great Yu), who conquered devastating floods in primeval times, visited Lushan Mountain. Qin (221-206BC) Emperor Shihuang also visited the mountain when he toured the south. Poets and scholars of every dynasty were attracted to Lushan Mountain and inspired to compose numerous works. Among them were Tao Qian of the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234), Li Bai and Bai Juyi of the Tang Dynasty (618-907), Su Shi, Zhou Dunyi, Zhu Xi and Li Shizhen of the Song Dynasty (960-1279), and Xu Xiake of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). -- Natural Heritage Ice-klin of Lulin - quaternary glacial remains Lushan Mountain features geological structures of every period except the Triassic Period. It has unique evidence of glaciation during the Quaternary Period and is the birthplace of China's glaciological theory. Though complicated, the geological structure can be clearly traced. Lushan Mountain is a Fault Mountain formed in the Quaternary Period. When it rose, the surrounding land sank, and the Poyang Basin eventually developed into the Poyang Lake. The many grotesque rocks, towering peaks and cascading waterfalls constitute a spectacular Mountain landscape. With frequent fog and mist, Lushan Mountain has cool summers. It also has typical flora and fauna. -- Villas Meilu Villa The modern villas are quite a sight on Lushan Mountain. Each villa is an individual building complex with unique style and structure, including styles of Rome- and Gothic- churches, Japanese building and Islamic Mosque. The architects tended to build the villas in shady places, and pursued a natural and casual style. It is this style that enables the villas to be well integrated with the natural scenery. The modern villas on Lushan Mountain, mostly one or two-storied, though in clusters, are less densely located and decorated with trees all around, which is a pleasing picture to the eye. The villa complex is simple and natural in style. Each is like a distinctive geometric figure. You could hardly find two villas that resemble each other. Lushan Mountain was elected to the "World Heritage List" in 1996. Owing to its congenial climate, it is also a popular summer resort in China. 山东泰山 1987年12月，山东泰山被联合国教科文组织评为”世界文化与自然遗产” 泰山是中国传统名山的典型代表，是一座历史悠久、千古不衰、具有特殊历史地位的名山。1982年被列入国家重点风景名胜区，1987年被联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会正式列入世界自然文化遗产目录，成为全人类的珍贵遗产。 泰山位于华北大平原东侧的山东省中部，拔起于山东丘陵之上，有如鹤立鸡群，十分雄伟。主峰玉皇顶海拔1545米，方位东经117.6，北纬36.16。泰山南高北低，南麓始自泰安城，北麓止于济南市，相距约60公里。泰山交通方便，京沪铁路从西侧通过，北连泉城济南，南距历史文化名城-曲阜70公里。泰肥、泰新、泰宁、泰济等铁路、公路交汇于泰山之南-泰安市。 泰山地理位置优越，属于暖温带半湿润季风气候，水热资源丰富，有利于万物生长发育。历史地理位置处于古代中国的经济发达地区————黄河下游。文化地理位置在东夷文化中心地带，泰山南麓有大汶口文化，北麓有龙山文化，是齐鲁之邦的中心地带。泰山的交通地理位置更为优越，它位于中原地区到山东半岛的东西交通和中国东部沿海南北交通的枢纽地带，与古代中国的都城和经济发达地区无山地阻隔，通达性好，这一地理位置得天独厚，对泰山成为五岳之尊有着重大影响。 泰山作为山岳风景名胜区，具有突出的美学和科学价值，尤其是美学价值的自然景观。没有这个自然景观作基础，即不可能成为历史上的天上名山和今天的世界自然文化遗产。数千年来，人们为了满足自身的精神文化需要，在对泰山的崇拜、审美、宗教及科学研究的漫长活动过程中，创造了极为丰富的、很有价值的泰山风景文化。另外，泰山风景文化是以泰山自然景观为主，人文景观为辅，自然与文化相互渗透而融为一体的。它体现了中华民族关于天地人和谐发展的哲学、美学和科学思想。从而形成具有更高价值和多功能的泰山风景名胜区。因此，从时间或空间上论，泰山都包含着极为丰富的内容，具有极高的美学、科学和历史文化价值。可以说，泰山是历史上中华民族精神文化的缩影和象征，是世界上独一无二的遗产。 Taishan Mountain in Shandong Province Taishan Mountain in Shandong was included as "World Cultural and Natural Heritage" by UNESCO in Dec 1987. Taishan Mountain, a typical representative of the Chinese famous traditional mountains, is a mountain with a long history and a special historic status. In 1982, Taishan Mountain was up into the list of State key scenic spots and was formally listed in the directory of World Natural and Cultural Heritage in 1987. It becomes a precious heritage of human being. Taishan Mountain locates in the east of North China Plain and the middle of Shandong province erecting from the Shandong hills. It is prominent around other hills. The prominent peak, Yuhuang peak, is 1545 meters high and locates in east 117.6 degree, north 36.16 degree. The south of Taishan Mountain is higher than the north. Its south foot of mountain begins from Tai'an city and its north foot of mountain stops in Jinan City, the distance between which is 60kms. In Taishan Mountain, the transportation is convenient with the Jinghu railway passing by in the west. In its north is Jinan city, which has another name of "spring city". The distance between Taishan Mountain and Qubu is 70kms. Many roads and railways such as Taifei, Taixin, Taining, and Taiji meet in Tai'an city, which just locates in the south of Taishan Mountain. Taishan Mountain is in a superior geographic location with abundant water and thermal resources, and its climate belongs to the warm temperate zone half wetness monsoon climate. As regard to its historic position, in the ancient times, Taishan Mountain is a developed region---- in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. As regard to its cultural position, it is the center of Dongyi culture. In the south foot of Taishan Mountain, there is Da Fenkou culture, and there is Longshan Culture in its north foot, it is the center of Qi and Lu. And its transportation is more superior. Taishan Mountain is in a key position where the railway from central plains to Shandong peninsula meets the railway connecting the south and north of the east coast. There are no hills between Taishan Mountain and the capitals in the ancient times as well as the developed regions. This superior condition helps Taishan Mountain gain the first position among the Five Famous Mountains in China. As a mountainous scenic spot, Taishan Mountain has high values in term of aesthetics and science, especially the aesthetic value, which is the foundation for Taishan Mountain becoming a famous mountain in the history and the world natural and cultural heritage today. For thousands of years, during the process of studying on Taishan Mountain in terms of adoration, taste, religion and science, the people has created extremely abundant and valued Taishan scenic culture. Moreover, in the Taishan scenic culture, the natural scene plays the key role with the literacy scene assisting. The nature and culture penetrate into each other. Here we can see the philosophy, aesthetics and science idea about the harmonious development of Sky, Ground and Human beings. Thereby, either from the point of time or space, Taishan Mountain contains extremely abundant contents with high aesthetic, science and historic value. We can say that Taishan Mountain is the symbol of spiritual culture of China and the unique heritage of the world. 中国历史 Chinese History 奴隶社会 远古时期和奴隶社会（170万年前—公元前476年） 中国是世界上文明发达最早的国家之一，有将近4000年有文字可考的历史。 发现于云南元谋的猿人化石表明，距今170万年前的“元谋人”是中国境内已知最早的原始人类。距今近60万年前居住在北京周口店一带的“北京人”，能直立行走，能制造、使用简单的工具，并知道了用火。距今一万年前后的新石器时代遗址，遍布中国各地。在距今六七千年的浙江余姚河姆渡和陕西西安半坡遗址，发现了人工栽培的稻谷和粟粒及农耕工具。 最古老的王朝夏朝开始于公元前2070年。夏王朝的中心地区，在今河南省西部和山西南部一带，其势力和影响已达到黄河南北，并开始进入奴隶社会。继夏而兴起的商、西周进一步发展了奴隶制度。之后是王室势力衰微，诸侯争霸的春秋战国时期，这一时期被认为是由奴隶社会向封建社会过渡的阶段。 大约在5000年前，中国人已知道了冶炼铜的技术。3000多年前的商代，开始使用铁器；在制陶方面，有了白陶和彩陶；丝织生产也相当发达，产生了世界上最早的提花丝织技术。到了春秋时期，制钢技术已经出现。春秋战国时期思想学术空前活跃，涌现出对后世产生深远影响的著名的哲学家老子、孔子、孟子和军事学家孙武等人物。 Prehistoric and Ancient History Prehistoric and Ancient History (1.7 million years ago-476 B.C.) China's earliest primitive human discovered so far is known as "Yuanmou Man," a fossil anthropoid unearthed in Yuanmou in Yunnan Province who lived approximately 1.7 million years ago. The better-known "Peking Man," discovered in the Zhoukoudian area in the suburbs of Beijing, lived about 600,000 years ago. Peking Man was able to walk upright, make and use simple tools, and make fire. By the start of the Neolithic Age in China about 10,000 years ago, people were cultivating rice and millet with farming tools, something revealed by relics found in the ruins of Hemudu in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, and Banpo, near Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. The Hemudu site, about 7,000 years old, was one of the earliest New Stone Age locations along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Archaeologists have unearthed in the area of Hemudu piles of rice grains, husks, stalks and leaves — and other indications of abundant rice cultivation. The rice grown at Hemudu was long-grained non-glutinous rice, and is the earliest example of artificially cultivated rice that has been found in China to date. The relics are also the oldest rice found so far in Asia. The Xia Dynasty started in 2070 B.C. The center of Xia was the western section of modern Henan Province and the southern section of modern Shanxi Province with a sphere of influence that reached the northern and southern areas of the Yellow River. It was in this period that the slave society began to appear. The Xia Dynasty was overthrown by Shang. The Western Zhou (1046-771 B.C.) Dynasty saw further development of slave society. This era was followed by the Spring and Autumn (770-476 B.C.) and Warring States (475-221 B.C.) periods when silk production advanced and steel production started. This era also produced the philosophers Lao Zi, Confucius, Mencius and Mo Zi, as well as the military scientist Sun Wu, author of the Art of War. |
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