长 城 万里蜿蜒于中华大地的长城，以其无比宏伟的雄姿久闻于世。今天在“爱我中华、修我长城”的号召下，许多地方已修缮一新，更加气势磅礴，成为我国名胜之首。它吸引着国内外成千上万的游人，以一览长城为平生快事。凡到过长城的人，莫不叹为观止。 像巨龙般腾越在崇山峻岭、沙漠戈壁的长城，是由城关、城墙、敌台、烽火台等构成的，是我国古代各地和各民族统治集团间的军由各族人民反复多次修筑而成的事防御工程体系。它是两三千年来，，体现着中华民族的伟大力量和坚强意志，成为我国古代文明中的一项光辉灿烂的瑰宝。长城内外各族人民在无数次斗争和长期交往中，发生过许多可歌可泣的动人故事，吸引着历代文人墨客为它们赋诗作画，在我国文学艺术宝库中，增添了许多优美动人的篇章与画卷。 远在公元前十一世纪，我国西周就有“城彼朔方”的记载。公元前七到三世纪的春秋战国时期，各诸侯国互相吞并，形成群雄并立不断混战的局面，他们在自己的边境，先后筑起长城以自卫。如楚率先在南阳地。公元前221年，秦始皇统一六国后，一方面拆毁诸国间的长城，另一方面为防北边匈奴，又调动军民上百万人，命大将蒙恬督筑长城，西起洮河沿黄河向东，再按原秦、赵、燕长城走向一直到辽东，绵亘万余里，成为我国最早的万里长城。 西汉时，北部的匈奴族更强盛，屡向南犯，汉朝除采取通好、和亲及出击等手段外，并着手大规模兴筑长城以固边陲。除修缮秦长城外，西面更增筑河西、玉门关、居延泽等长城。北出雁门，五原阴山，东循燕秦长城，从辽东到最西的玉门关，长达两万余里。并列亭西至楼兰，北至胪朐(乌兰巴托东北地区)，规模远逾秦代。东汉初北防鲜卑、西防羌戎，又在西汉长城以内，大兴障塞堠坞，总长也达万里以上。两汉时期一北一南所筑长城，是历代规模最大的。 此后，北方各族逐渐进入华北、关中，直至中原，建立起北朝政权，形成南北朝对峙的局面。北朝的北魏、东魏、北齐、北周先后在黄河套以北东至辽西地区，修筑了多重的长城，纵横交错，总长也上万里。隋统一全国后，在黄河中上游由云中经五原、榆林、宁夏至陇西，筑长城四五千里，与北朝在东部的长城正好构成又一体系。 唐代国势强盛，长城以北以西的各部族都归附通好，因此未筑长城，仅在阴山内建“受降城”三座，东西互距四百里，并连以城障；在甘肃西部复筑瓜州故城。这时，东部的高丽为了防唐，在我国东北由扶余、开原、新宾至朝鲜大同江口筑长城二千余里。 朱、辽、金时期，华北的燕云十六州尽归契丹、河西已属西夏、北宋只修治了雁门险阻。以后辽金相继强盛，深入淮汉、以至江北，造成南宋偏安局面，再无力去修筑长城。北方辽金政权却因与蒙古和其他各族间的斗争与矛盾，在今东北内蒙等地兴筑濠堑长城，总长也上万里，称明昌长城，俗称成吉思汗边墙。 明朝建立后，为防范元朝复辟及达旦、瓦刺、女真、吐蕃等族骚扰，在北方不断修筑长城，并且为抗击外国入侵，在东南沿海要地也零星筑了一些长城。明长城之多，是历代之最。主要长城从鸭绿江边的九连城到甘肃的嘉峪关，全长一万五千余里。在北京和山西偏关间，分成南北两道长城。在许多地段上长城除主城墙大边外，还有二边、三边、外边、内边、护边等多道的城墙，如雁门关外有大石墙三道、小石墙二十三道。其中从山海关到嘉峪关间的一万二千七百里的主长城保存较完善，特别是山海关到北京周围，经戚继光重新督筑过的长城最为壮观。 清朝初，在辽宁、吉林间筑了有名的盛京边墙(柳条边)，新旧边墙总长2600余里。对古长城也局部修缮了山海、居庸、雁门、嘉峪等关隘和长城的某些段落。中期以后就未再修缮了。 经历了长久的岁月和人为的破坏之后，许多古长城已到了十分零落的程度。就是明长城也遭到许多损毁。但是，总长十几万里的中华巨龙，仍然是人类古代最巨大壮观的工程。并、因且它在不同时代、不同地点险制塞、呈现着千姿百态、无一类同的奇丽景观，体现了建筑上的艺术才思。长城内外我国各族人民，经过长期交往，终于突破人为的分割阻碍，已凝结成统一团结和睦友爱的中华民族大家庭。长城作为我们中华伟大文明古国的象征，既是我们民族感到自豪、也为世界各地人民所向往，它将为增进各国人民的友谊作出重大的贡献。 The Great Wall The Great Wall is well-known because of its magnificent majestic appearance. Now, in the call of "Loving our China, repairing our Great Wall", many places of The Great Wall have been repaired, which makes it more boundless. The Great Wall has become the head key point of interest in China. More and more foreign people are attracted by it. The people who visited it are all acclaim as the peak of perfection. The Great Wall convolves on the ridges of mountains and desert. It's made up of city gates, circumvallation, enemy towers, signal beacon towers and so on, it was the martial recovery engineering system of the different place and nations in China Long time ago. It was built through several thousands years by Chinese people, it's the embodiment of the Great power and strong purpose of Chinese people. It has become the irradiant treasure of our Chinese archaic civilization. Many moving stories have taken place between the people inside and outside the Great Wall in the long-term wars and social intercourse, and it has been attracting many bookmen to paint it, which added so many cantos and paints to our artistic thesaurus. B.c. Eleven Century, Xi-Zhou, Our country had the recordation that is "The city wall set down in the north". From B.c. Seven Century to B.c. Three Century that is called the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, The princes of many little states began to fight and swallow up each other. They all built the long city wall for self-defence, for instance, Chu state built its wall in the Nanyang district firstly, Qi state built its wall in the Shandong province, Zhongshan state, Wei state, Han state, Yan state, Zhao state, Qin state and so on all began to build their city wall. The whole circumvallation was more than five thousand kilometers long, but each part of it was separated from each other. B.c. 221 Year, QinShiHuang consolidated all six states, He pulled down the wall between the states one side, the other side he built the new city wall in the north to defense the Hun. He command MengTian general and thousands upon thousands people to build the new city wall, it stretch more than five thousand kilometre in an unbroken chain, which is the oldest Great Wall. During West Han period, the Hun in the north became stronger and stronger, so the Han state had to build new circumvallation and reinforce the old Qin Great Wall. and strengthen the old Qin Great Wall. From the eastern part Liaoning province to the YuMen gate, the Great Wall is longer than ten thousand kilometers. Its scale exceeds the Qin Great Wall's. During East Han period, people built new wall inside the West Han Great Wall to defense the Serbi and the Qiang nationalities. Its length is more than five kilometers. The Great Wall built in the two Han dynasties is the largest project in Chinese history. Since then, the nations in the north began to come into North China and central plains. They built North Dynasty, right against South Dynasty. West Wei state, East Wei state, West Qi state, and West Zhou state in North Dynasty, all built the multiple Great Wall in the north of Yellow River. The Sui Dynasty unified the whole China, and then built new circumvallation from the middle of the Yellow River to the western part of Gansu province. The wall is three thousand kilometers long and forms a new system with the eastern Great Wall. During Tang Dynasty, power of China was so strong that all nations in the north had to submit to Tang. Hence Tang hadn't built any new wall, but built three cities to accept surrender. At the time Gaoli nation built more than one thousand kilometers of Great wall from the northeast of China to the Datong River estuary, to defense Tang. In Zhu, Liao and Jin Period, North China was occupied by Khitan, and west parts of the Yellow River were occupied by West Xia, while North Song Dynasty just repaired Yan Gate. Since then, Liao and Jin states became stronger and stronger and occupied the whole north parts of the Yellow River, and South Song Dynasty had no ability to build any new Great Wall. But Liao-Jin regime built new Great Wall in the northeastern parts of Inner Mongolia to fight against other nations in the north. People often called it "Genghis khan City Wall". After Ming Dynasty was founded, the archons began to build new Great Wall in the north to defense Yuan state coming back and Dadan, Waci, Nvzhen etc. And they also built many Walls in southeastern China along the coast to defense foreign enemies. Ming Great Walls are most in Chinese history. Its main part begins from Yalu River to Jiayu Gate, and its length is more than seven thousand kilometers. Therefore, the part from ShanHai Gate to JiaYu Gate is kept best. At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, in the Liaoning and Jilin Province people built the ShengJing city wall which was 2600 kilometers long. And the people also repaired the ShanHai, JuYong, YanMen, JiaYu Gate etc. But from the metaphase of Qing Dynasty, the Great Wall was not repaired more. Now under weathering and man-made destroy, many parts of the Great Wall have become very slipshod, even including Ming Great Wall. But the Great Wall, more than a hundred thousand kilometers long, is a huge Chinese dragon and the best, greatest and grandest work in the whole human history. It also materializes architectural skills. Now the people inside and outside the Great Wall, through the long-term traffics, have united into one big family. The Great Wall is the symbol of China and Chinese pride. It also can promote friendship between Chinese and foreigners. 西藏布达拉宫 1994年12月，西藏布达拉宫/大昭寺被联合国教科文组织评为”世界文化遗产”。布达拉宫坐落在西藏拉萨西北角玛布日山(红山)上，它是一座融宫殿、寺宇和灵塔于一体、规模浩大的宫堡式建筑。布达拉宫始建于唐贞观中期，吐蕃赞普松赞干布与唐联姻，为迎娶文成公主而首建此宫，后世屡有修筑。今天气势雄伟的布达拉宫是清顺治二年(1645年)达赖五世统一西藏受清朝册封后修建和重建的。一九八八年国家拨款进行大规模维修，历时五年，使布达拉宫再现了它原有的艺术光辉。 布达拉宫依山垒砌，主楼高119米，13层，东西长420米，南北宽300米，房屋近万。主体建筑分红、白两宫，红宫居中，白宫横贯两翼。红宫有历代达赖喇嘛的灵塔和各类佛堂及经堂；白宫部分是达赖喇嘛处理政务和生活居住的地方。 从东部山脚沿着之字形的石阶拾级而上至彭措多大门，经幽暗弯曲的走廊，即进入宽阔的东平台-德阳厦。过去每逢喜庆节日，总要在此举行跳神和歌舞表演。由东平台扶梯直上即为上楼去各殿的松格廊廊道，廊道内雕梁画栋，满布壁画。 东大殿是白宫最大的宫殿，清朝驻藏大臣曾在此为达赖喇嘛主持坐床、亲政大典等仪式，是西藏地方进行重大宗教、政治活动的地方。 红宫内环绕正殿共有八大祭堂，每一祭堂各有一座灵塔，其中以五世和十三世达赖喇嘛的灵塔最为奢华。塔身全部用金皮包镶，通体饰以珠宝玉石镶嵌的各种图案。 从灵塔穿过一小门便进入西大殿，它是红宫内最大的一座殿堂-五世达赖喇嘛的享堂，一些重大的佛事活动均在此举行。红宫的最高层叫“萨松郎杰”，殿内供有乾隆帝画像及皇帝牌位。清代，各世达赖每逢藏历年初一和皇帝过 生日都要来此朝拜。 在白宫的最高处，有历代达赖喇嘛生活起居的东西两套寝室，分别称东、西日光殿，内设经堂、客厅、经室、卧室，陈设非常豪华。 布达拉宫宫顶是一个金碧辉煌的艺术世界，浮光跃金，辉煌夺目。 The Potala Palace in Tibet Autonomous Region The Potala Palace/Dazhao Temple was granted the name of "world cultural heritage" by UNESCO. The Potala Palace locates on the Maburishan Mountain (Red Mountain) in northwest corner of Tibet Autonomous Region. It is a complex building, which can include palaces, temples and towers. Potala Palace was first built during the middle period of Zhenguan of Tang dynasty for Songzanganbu, a Zanpu of Tufan, to marry Wencheng princess. When the 5th Dalai Lama was conferred a title, he built the current Potala Palace in 1645 and the State allocated lots of money to repair it in 1988 and it took 5 years to revive its former charm. The Potala Palace including thousands of rooms was built depending mountains, length of which from east to west is 420 meters; width from south to north is 300 meters. Its main building is 119 meters high. In this building there are two palaces, white palace and red palace. The former locates in the middle and the latter traverses its two sides. The red palace includes coffin towers of different generations, various kinds of family halls for worshipping Buddha and halls containing the lections; and the white palace is a place for Dalai Lama to live and work. From the east mountain foot going along the steps, you can get the Peng Cuoduo Door and goes on through the curving corridor, enters the broad east roof—Deyang Building. In the old times, there were performances when in some festivals. Going up the stairs, you can access various palaces. The East Palace, the biggest one in the White Palace, is the place where the ministers accredited to Xizang hold the Zuochuang and the accession procedure and where is the place to carry out important religion and political activities. In the Red Palace, there locates 8 sacrifice halls, each among which contains a coffin tower. Among these towers, the ones of the 5th and 13th Dalai Lamas are the most extravagant. The bodies of towers are covered with gold and on the surface there are various designs. If you go through a little door from the coffin tower, you can access the West Palace, which is the biggest one in the Red Palace. On top of Red Palace is "Sasonglangjie" where there are Qianlong Emperor’s portrait and memorial tablets of kings. In Qing dynasty, the Dalai Lama would come here to go worship at the emperor’s birthday. On top of White Palace are the two sets of sitting rooms for Dalai Lamas, which are called the East Riguang Palace and the West Riguang Palace where there are halls of lections, living rooms and sitting rooms. Potala Palace is splendid in green and gold attracting the attention from the whole world. 承德避暑山庄 1994年12月，河北承德避暑山庄及周围寺庙被联合国科教文组织评为”世界文化遗产”。 避暑山庄，又称承德离宫，或称热河行宫，位于河北省承德市中心区北部。是清代皇帝夏日避暑和处理政务的场所。始建于清康熙四十二年（1703年），乾隆五十七年（1792年）竣工。总面积564万平方米，建筑面积约10万平方米，建筑物达110余处，总计184景（包括康熙、乾隆题名的36景），蜿蜒起伏的宫墙长达10公里，是我国现存占地最大的古代帝王宫苑。 避暑山庄以朴素淡雅的山村野趣为格调，取自然山水之本色，吸收江南塞北之风光，形成规模宏大的皇家园林。宫墙不饰朱红，用当地的自然毛石砌筑；宫殿采用北方民居四合院形式修建，青砖青瓦白灰勾缝，不饰彩绘，以其淡妆与浓抹的北京紫禁城形成对比。 避暑山庄分宫殿区和苑景区两大部分。宫殿区是皇帝处理朝政、举行庆典和生活起居的地方，占地10万平方米，由正宫、松鹤齐、万壑松风和东宫四组建筑组成。苑景区又分湖洲区、平原区和山峦区。湖洲区洲岛错落，碧波荡漾、富有江南鱼米之乡的特色。东北角有清泉，即著名的热河泉。平原区西部绿草如茵，一派蒙古草原风光；东部古木参天，具有大兴安岭莽莽森林景象。整个山庄模拟全国自然地理风貌，融会南北园林特色，综合全国各地建筑艺术风格，创造了极富自然情趣的优美景观。 在避暑山庄东面和北面的山麓，分布着雄伟壮观的寺庙群，这就是外八庙。她们是自康熙五十二年（1713年）至乾隆四十五年（1780年）陆续修建的。其名称分别为：安达庙、普宁寺、须弥福思之庙、普陀宗乘之庙、殊象寺。外八庙以汉式宫殿建筑艺术特征，创造了中国的多样统一的寺庙建筑风格。 外八庙的主要建筑为普乐寺、普宁寺、须弥福寿之庙。普乐寺的主题建筑旭光阁，重檐圆顶，造型优美，类似北京祈年殿。普宁寺大乘之阁的千手千眼观音菩萨通高23.511米，全身重110吨，是世界上最高最大的木制佛像。须弥福寿之庙，为六世班禅讲经之所。其主题建筑妙高壮严殿富丽堂皇，殿顶四脊各有金龙两条，姿态生动。普陀宗乘之庙，仿拉萨布达拉宫形制而建，有小布达拉宫之称。 Chengde Summer Resort & Its Surrounding Temples in Hebei In 1994 December, Chengde Summer Resort, Hebei was honored as "World Cultural and Natural Heritage" by the UN Organization of Science, Education and Culture. Also known as Chengde Li Palace and Rehe Imperial Palace, the Summer Resort is situated in the north part of the city center of Chengde, Hebei. It is here that the emperor of Qing dynasty to spend summer holidays and handle governmental affairs. It was originally built in Kangxi 42nd year (1703), and finished in Qianlong 57th year (1792). The total acreage is 5640 thousand m2, with a building area of about 100 thousand m2, and there are more than 110 construction sites and all together 184 scenic spots (including the 36 sites titled by Kangxi and Qianlong); the winding palace wall is more than 190 km long; it is the biggest ancient emperor palace now exist in China. The Summer Resort is take the simple and subtle smell of the suburb as its style, it relies on the original color of the natural elements, features the charm of south Changjiang River, the scale is a astonishment. The palace wall is not painted in red, but the natural color of the local material; the palace imitated the layout of the courtyard of northern China, it is too, simply decorated, featuring blue bricks and tiles, it provides a drastic contrast with the style of the Forbidden City. The Summer Resort can be divided into Palace area and park area. Palace area is the place where the emperor took care of the governmental affairs, held celebration and rest , it is 100 thousand m2 large, comprising the main palace, Songhe Qi, Wanghe Songfeng and East Palace four parts. Park area can again be divided into Huzhou zone, plain zone and mountains zone. Huzhou zone features countless islands, ripple lakes, it is famed as a land flowing with milk and honey in south Changjiang River. In the northeast corner, located Qing spring, it is the famous Rehe spring. The west of plain zone is a land of green grass, it can remind you the landscape in Mongolia; to the east, the old trees are in dominant position, it resembles the phenomenon of Great Xingan Mountains. The entire Summer Palace is a collection of the natural landscapes throughout the country; it integrates the characters of scenes across the country; it is an improvement of the architectural style of the whole country. To the east and north of the Summer Palace, distributed the grand and huge temple constructions, this is what famed as Waiba Temple. They were constructed during Kangxi 52nd year (1713) to Qianlong 45th year (1780). They are: Anda Temple, Puning Temple, Xumifusi Temple, Putuozongcheng Temple, Shuxiang Temple. Waiba Temple features the artistic style of the palace in Han dynasty and creates the standard architectural style in temple for China.The main building in Waiba Temple consists of Pule Temple, Puning Temple, Xumifusi Temple. Xuguang Hall, the theme architecture of Pule Temple, enjoys an elegant charm, just like a duplicate of Qinian Palace in Beijing. The figure of Kwan-yin with a thousand arms and eyes in Dachengzhi Hall of Puning Temple, is 23.511 meters high and 110 tons heavy, it is the biggest wooden Buddhist statue in the world. Xumifushou Temple is the place where the 6th Panchen taught his doctrines. Its main architecture, Miaogaozhuangyan Palace, is beautiful and imposing, on the four ridges crouch two vivid dragons. Putuozongcheng Temple is an imitation of the Potala Palace in Tibet, and it is known as the small Potala Palace. 秦始皇陵兵马俑 秦始皇陵位于西安以东30公里的骊山北麓，南依骊山，层恋叠嶂，山林葱郁；北临渭水，逶迤曲转，银蛇横卧。高大的封冢在巍巍峰峦环抱之中与骊山浑然一体，景色优美，环境独秀。 秦始皇是中国历史上一位杰出的政治家，姓蠃名政，秦庄襄王之子，公元前259年出生于赵国京都邯郸，公元前246年13岁即立为秦王，22岁加冕亲政。自公元前236年至公元前221年的15年中，秦国先后灭掉了韩、赵、魏、楚、燕、齐六个诸侯国，彻底结束了战国群雄割据的历史，在血与火中，建立了中国历史上第一个统一的、多民族、中央集权制的封建王朝--秦王朝。"秦皇扫六合，虎势何雄哉；挥剑决浮云，诸侯尽西来。"秦始皇--这位叱咤风云的旷世 君主，不仅为后人留下了千秋伟业，还留有这座神秘莫测的皇家陵园。 古埃及金字塔是世界上最大的地上王陵，中国秦始皇陵是世界上最大的地下皇陵。 秦始皇陵于秦始皇即位起开工修建，前后历时３８年之久，比著名的埃及胡夫金字塔的修造时间还长8年，动用修陵人数最多时近于80万，几乎相当于修建胡夫金字塔人数的8倍。 陵园仿照秦国都城咸阳建造，大体呈回字形，陵墓周围筑有内外两重城垣，陵园内城垣周长3870米，外城垣周长6210米，陵区内目前探明的大型地面建筑为寝殿、便殿、园寺吏舍等遗址。秦始皇陵的封土夯筑而成，形成了三级阶梯，状呈覆斗，底部近似方型，底面积约25万平方米，高115米，但由于经历二千多年的风雨侵蚀和人为破坏，现封土底面积约为12万平方米，高度为87米，整座陵区总面积为56.25平方公里。秦王朝是中国历史上辉煌的一页，秦始皇陵更集中了秦代文明的最高成就。秦始皇把他生前的荣华富贵全部带入地下。 秦始皇陵地下宫殿是陵墓建筑的核心部分，位于封土堆之下。《史记》记载："穿三泉，下铜而致椁，宫观百官，奇器异怪徙藏满之。以水银为百川江河大海，机相灌输。上具天文，下具地理，以人鱼膏为烛，度不灭者久之。"考古发现地宫面积约18万平方米，中心点的深度约30米。陵园以封土堆为中心，四周陪葬分布众多，内涵丰富、规模空前，除闻名遐迩的兵马俑陪葬坑、铜车马坑之外 ，又新发现了大型石质铠甲坑、百戏俑坑、文官俑坑以及陪葬墓等600余处，数十年来秦陵考古工作中出土的文物多达10万余件。在陵园里设立有多处文物展台，展示了秦陵近二十年来出土的部分文物；布置有水道展区，重现当年陵园内科学周密的排水设施；相信随着考古工作的进展，肯定还会有更大的意想不到的发现。 在凝重的绿色和高大的墓冢之间，为了让游客身临其境的感受王者的尊荣、王者的威仪，秦始皇陵上演有大型的"重现的仪仗队--秦始皇守陵部队换岗仪式"表演和集"声、光、电"于一体的秦始皇陵陵区、陵园、地宫沙盘模型展示，再现二千多年前神秘陵园的壮观场景，展示数十年来的考古成果，生动直观的揭示秦陵奥秘，展示其丰富内涵。 秦始皇陵是中国历史上第一座帝王陵园，是我国劳动人民勤奋和聪明才智的结晶，是一座历史文化宝库，在所有封建帝王陵墓中以规模宏大、埋葬丰富而著称于世。1961年被国务院公布为第一批重点文物保护单位，1987年被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产保护目录，成为全人类共同的财富。2002年秦始皇陵荣膺国家AAAA级旅游景区。 Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum is situated 5km east of Lintong County in Yan Zhai village.The original name of the mausoleum was"LiShan".The site was chosen which fulfilled the geomagnetic requirements with mountains as the backdrop and a river in front,and the tomb was therefore placed between the Li Mountain to the south and the Wei River to the north. Emperor Qin Shihuang began to build the mausoleum for himself since he came to throne at the age of 13.After the unification of the country in 221B.C.the project grew large in scale.Over 720,000 convicts from all parts of the empire wcre conscripted as laborers. The work continued even after the emperor's death,taking,in total,38 years.The fact that one of the satellite pits of the terra-cotta army,Pit NO.4,was unfinished and remained empty,suggests that the planned work was not completed. Emperor Qin shihuang's Mausoleum is very large,covering the total area of 56.25sqkm.it is rectangular in shape and enclosed by two walls-the inner city wall and the outer city wall,forming the shape of the Chinese character"回". The inner wall measured 1,355m in length from north to south and 580m in width from east to west with a circumference of 3,870m,The area was 79sqm.The outer wall was 2,186m in length from north to south and 976m in width from east to west with a circumference of 6,321m.The area was 213 sqm.The walls no longer exist but the foundations halved remained. In the north east part of the inner city,a small was built with 670m long from north to south and 330m wide from east to west.Both the inner and outer walls had a gate with gate tower on eath side ,apart from the north side lf the inner wall which had two gates.Both the inner and outer walls had watchtowers at the four corners.The large tomb lies in the south part of the inner city at the point of intersection of six gates. So many buildings that were above ground have been reduced to ruin or have simply vanished without a trace that it is difficult to determine what the original mausoleum might have looked like.But the number of unusually well-preserved relics beneath the ground have provided archaeologists with a good idea as to the design and overall layout of the mausoleum of Emperor Qin shihuang. The mausoleum builders got the surprising achievements by their hard work ,however their life lived in poor condition, Rebellious peasants pillaged and burnt those buildings connected with the Qin dynasty, which was hated for its cruelty. The palaces and other buildings within the walls of the mausoleum were destroyed. Only the huge pyramid of the mound survived the devastation, although it is not known whether later grave robbers have plundered the tomb. In 1987 the mausoleum was by UNESCO as a World Heritage site. 三 孔 1994年12月，山东曲阜孔府、孔庙、孔林被联合国教科文组织评为”世界文化遗产”。 曲阜位于济南市南120公里，为山东著名的古城，是儒家学派创始人孔子的故乡，历代封建王朝，在这里兴建孔府、孔庙、孔林，使其闻名全国。 孔庙 孔庙是以孔子的故居为庙,以皇宫的规格而建，是我国三大古建筑群之一,在世界建筑史上占有重要地位。它占地三百亩，气势宏伟，布局严谨，前后九进大院，各院独具特色。其中大成殿，奎文阁为主要建筑。大成殿是孔庙的主体建筑，整个大殿金碧辉煌，气势磅礴，其前廊10根大理石柱上各精雕两条戏珠的飞龙，工艺绝妙，实为宫殿建筑中罕见，殿内廊柱皆楠木，都彩绘团龙错金。殿前有一名为“杏檀”的亭子，是孔子晚年讲学的地方，杏檀设教，弟子三千。 奎文阁是三层木结构的阁楼，飞檐斗拱，造型庄严，为国内少见。孔庙内有孔子塑像，13座碑亭、53块巨碑，还有以孔子一生经历为题材石刻的120块《圣迹图》。现还陈列了汉魏以来的碑刻800多块,连同孔庙内原有的1200多块,共计2100多块，形成了我国又一碑林。 孔府 孔府也称圣府，是孔子的后代子孙们居住的地方。这里规模宏大，楼阁厅堂共计463间,是历史上最大的地主庄园。庭院分东、中、西三路,东路为家庙,西路为客厅院，中路则是主体建筑，其前院为官衙，后院为住宅。 孔林 孔林是孔子及其家族的墓地。占地3000亩，四周建墙环绕，园内古木参天，茂密幽深。密林深处还有孔子墓及历代兴建的楼、亭、坊、殿及大小碑碣石雕。 Confucius Temple and Confucius mansion and Confucius tomb Confucius Mansion, Confucius Temple and Confucius Tomb in Qufu, Shandong Province Confucius mansion, Confucius temple and Confucius tomb in Qufu, Shandong province were granted the name of "world cultural heritage" by UNESCO in Dec 1994. Qufu, a famous ancient city in Shandong province and the hometown of Confuciuszi, who is the founder of Confucianism, locates in the south of Jinan city with a 120-km-long distance. Confucius Mansion, Confucius Temple and Confucius tomb in this city, built in dynasties, makes it well know throughout the country. Confucius Temple Confucius Temple, the former residence of Confucius, was built according to the specification for imperial palaces. It is one of the three ancient building complexes in our country and holds an important position even in the world. It covers an area of 300 mu. Inside of this complex, there are 9 yards, each among which has its own characters. Among them the Dacheng Palace and the Kuiwen Cabinet are its main buildings. Dacheng Palace is the main body of Confucius temple. There are 10 poles made of marble in its front porch. Each pole has two carved flying dragons playing a big pearl. The poles in its internal porch are made of nan mao. In the front of this Palace, there is a pavilion, named "Xingchan", where Confuciuszi used to teach in his old days. The structure of Kuiwen Cabinet is 3-layer timberwork, which is rare in our county. In Confucius temple, there is a statue of Confuciuszi, 13 stele pavilions, 53 huge steles and 120 "Shengjitu", on which writes Confuciuszi's life experience. There are over 2100 steles including 800-plus steles displayed outside and 1200 existing ones, forming a Forest of Steles. Confucius mansion Confucius mansion, also named Shengfu, is a place for Confuciuszi's offspring to live. There are 463 buildings in this manor. It is the biggest manor in history. The complex includes 3 parts, east, middle and west part. East part is home temple, west part is parlour and the middle part is its main building. Its front yard is office and the back yard is dwelling house. Confucius tomb Confucius tomb is the graveyard of Confuciuszi and his family covering an area of 3000 mu encircled by walls with a lot of ancient trees inside. 苏州园林—留园 留园位于苏州阊门外，原是明嘉靖年间太仆寺卿徐泰时的东园。园巾假山为叠石名家周秉忠(时臣)所作。清嘉庆年间，刘恕以故园改筑，名寒碧山庄，又称刘园。园中聚太湖石十二峰，蔚为奇观。咸宁年间，苏州诸园颇多毁损，而此园独存。光绪初年为盛康所得，修葺拓建，易名留园。现全园占地约50亩，大致可分中、东、西、北叫个景区。其间以曲廊相连。迂回连绵，达700余米，通幽度壑，秀色迭出。 中部是原来寒碧山庄的基址．中辟广池，西、北为山．东、南为建筑。假山以土为主，叠以黄石，气势浑厚。山上古木参天，显出一派山林森郁的气氛。山曲之间水涧蜿蜒，仿佛池水之源。池南涵碧山房、明瑟楼是故园的上体建筑，楼阁如前舱。敞厅如中舱。形如画舫。楼阁东侧有绿荫轩，小巧雅致，临水挂 落与栏杆之间，涌出一幅山水画卷。涵碧山房西侧有爬山廊，随山势高下起伏，连接山顶闻木樨香轩。山上遍植桂花，每至秋日，香气浮动，沁人心脾。此处山高气爽，环顾四周，满同景色尽收眼底。池中小蓬莱岛浮现十碧波之上。池东濠濮亭、曲溪楼、西楼、清风池馆掩映于山水林木之间，进退起伏．错落有致。池北山石兀立，涧壑隐现，可亭亢于山冈之上，有凌空欲飞之势。 东部重门叠户，庭院深深。院落之间以漏窗、门洞、廊庑沟通穿插，互相对比映衬，成为苏州园林中院落空间最富变化的建筑群。土厅五峰仙馆俗称楠木厅，厅内装修精美，陈设典雅。其西，有鹤所、石林小院、揖峰轩、还我读书处等院落，竹石倚墙，芭蕉映窗，满目诗情画意。林泉耆硕之馆为鸳鸯厅，中间以雕镂剔透的圆洞落地罩分隔，厅内陈设古雅。厅北矗立着著名的留园三峰．冠云峰居中，瑞云峰、岫云峰屏立左右。冠云峰高6.5米，玲珑剔透，相传为宋代花石纲遗物，系江南园林巾最高大的一块湖石。峰石之前为浣云沼，周围建有冠云楼、冠云亭、冠云台、伫云庵等．均为赏石之所。 西部以假山为主，土石相间，浑然天成。山上枫树郁然成林，盛夏绿荫蔽口，深秋红霞似锦。至乐亭、舒啸亭隐现于林木之中。臀高望远，可借西郊名胜之景。山左云墙如游龙起伏。山前曲溪宛转，流水淙淙。东麓有水阁"活泼泼地"．横卧于溪涧之卜，令人有水流不尽之感。 北部原有建筑早已废毁，现广植竹、李、桃、杏，"又一村"等处建有葡萄、紫藤架。其余之地辟为盆景园，花木繁盛，犹存田园之趣。 留园以宜居宜游的山水布局，疏密有致的丰间刘比。独具风采的石峰景观，成为江南园林艺术的杰出典范。 Liuyuan（Lingering Garden） The name Liuyuan or Lingering Garden actually means lingering in the world. First constructed in Jiajing Period of Ming Dynasty (1522-1566), it is praised as one of the nation's four famous gardens. The other three are the Summer Palace in Beijing, the Imperial Summer Resort in Chengde, and the Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou. Two Hectares in size, the Lingering Garden is one of the largest gardens in Suzhou. Divided by halls, whitewashed walls, corridors an doors in space, the whole garden appears to have a dozen of small or large courtyards with the skillful decoration of rockeries, ponds, trees and flowers. It is a clear demonstration of the artistic features of Jiangnan landscaped gardens. The garden consists of four parts: the central part is the most picturesque, known for its streams and rockeries; the eastern part wins its fame for its courtyards and buildings. That's where the famous King of Taihu Stone, "Cloud-capped Peak" is located. The northern part has a style of pastoral scenery, while the western part provides visitors interests of woods with its towering trees. To have so many different tastes of scenery in one, the Lingering Garden is the only place a visitor can find in Suzhou. 苏州园林—网师园 网师园，地处苏州古城东南隅阔家头巷，被誉为苏州园林之"小园极致"，堪称中国园林以少胜多的典范。1982年被国务院列为全国重点文物保护单位。1997年12月被联合国教科文组织列入《世界文化遗产名录》。 网师园的造园历史可追溯至八百年前。南宋淳熙初年，吏部侍郎史正志于此建万卷堂，名其花圃为渔隐，植牡丹五百株。清乾隆年间，光禄寺少卿宋宗元在万卷堂故址，营造别业，为奉母养亲之所，始名网师园，内有十二景。乾隆末，园为瞿远春购得，增建亭宇，叠石种树，由于瞿远春的巧为运思，使网师园"地只数亩，而有纡回不尽之致；居虽近廛，而有云水相忘之乐。"至今网师园尚总体保持着瞿氏当年造园的结构与风格。同治年间，园归李鸿裔，因与宋代名园沧浪亭相近，李氏自称"苏邻"，更园名为"苏邻小筑"。1917年，张作霖 购此园，改名为"逸园"。1940年，园为文物鉴赏家何亚农买下，并对此进行全面整修，悉从旧规，并复网师旧名。1950年何氏后人将园献给人民政府。1958年，网师园再经整修后对游人开放。 网师园是古代苏州世家宅园相连布局的典型，东宅西园，有序结合。即以池水为中心，由东部住宅区、南部宴乐区、中部环池区、西部内园殿春簃和北部书房区等五部分组成。全园布局外形整齐均衡，内部又因景划区，境界各异。园中部山水景物区，突出以水为中心的主题。水面聚而不分，池西北石板曲桥，低矮贴水，东南引静桥微微拱露。环池一周叠筑黄石假山高下参差，曲折多变，使池面有水广波延和源头不尽之意。园内建筑以造型秀丽，精致小巧见长，尤其是池周的亭阁，有小、低、透的特点，内部家具装饰也精美多致。 网师园意谓"渔父钓叟之园"，园内的山水布置和景点题名蕴含着浓郁的隐逸气息。全园面积仅8亩多，做到了感觉宽绰而不显局促，主题突出，布局紧凑，小巧玲珑，清秀典雅，成功地运用比例陪称关系和对比手法，获得较好的艺术效果，是苏州中型古典园林的代表作品。 Wangshiyuan Wangshiyuan an old site for Wanjuantang (Ten-thousand-book Hall). It belonged to Shi Zhengzhi, an assistant minister of Northern Song Dynasty and was once named by him as "Fishing in Seclusion". During the reign of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, an observer named Song Zongyuan rebuilt it by digging ponds and constructing rockery and building houses. In reference to the original name "Fishing in Seclusion", the new garden was named "Fisherman's Villa", hence the name "Fisherman's Garden". The garden is on the list of Cultural Relics under State Protection and also listed as the World Natural Heritage. 北京天坛 1987年12月，天坛被联合国教科文组织评为”世界文化遗产”。 位于故宫东南方向数公里处，有一座巨大的祭天神庙，这就是天坛。天坛总面积是270万平方米，比故宫还要大4倍。中国的皇帝称“天子”，也就是“天的儿子”，天子的居所自然不敢大过“老天”的了。 今日天安门东侧的劳动人民文化宫是皇帝祭祖的地方，西侧的中山公园是祭祀丰收神即五谷耕地之所。在整个北京城里，北有地坛祭地，南有天坛祭天，东有日坛祭太阳，西有月坛祭月亮，其中的天坛最为光彩夺目，气宇非凡。 天坛的建筑在一条中轴线上，最南的围墙呈方型，象征地，最北的围墙呈半圆型，象征天，这种设计来自远古“天圆地方”的思想。中轴线上的三大建筑，构成了天坛的核心。南方一座叫圜丘坛，坛呈圆型，高5米，直径23米。坛中心 是一块圆石，外转共有9圈扇型石板，最中心一圈为9块，然后按9的倍数增加，第9圈共有81块，当年皇帝们就站在圆坛的中心虔诚地祭祀苍天。 The Temple of Heaven in Beijing In 1987 December, The Temple of Heaven in Beijing was honored as "World Cultural and Natural Heritage" by the UN Organization of Science, Education and Culture. Dozens of kilometers southeast to the Imperial Palace, there is a huge altar temple, the Temple of Heaven. The total acreage of the Temple of Heaven is 2700 thousand square meters, it is four times greater than the Imperial Palace. In China, the emperor is called the "Godson", that is why the size of the residence of son dares not to exceed that of God. Today, the Working People Cultural Palace standing east to the Tian An Men is where the emperor made ancestor worship in the past, while the Zhongshan Garden to the west, is the place where the Harvest God is worshiped. In the Beijing urban area, we have the Temple of Earth in the north, the Temple of heaven in the south, the Temple of Sun in the east, and the Temple of Moon in the west, among which, the Temple of Heaven is the grandest and the most dazzling. The Temple of Heaven is located on the axle wire, the most southern wall is in square shape, standing for the Earth, while most northern wall is in a semi-circle shape, standing for heaven; this design comes form the concept of "heaven round earth square". The three major constructions on the axle wire constitute the core of the Temple of Heaven. In the south, there is an altar called Huanqiu Altar, it is in a round shape, and 5 meters in height, its diameter is 23 meters. There is a round rock in the center of the altar, and in the outside area, there are 9 circles fan-shaped slates, in the core, the number of the slate is 9, and the number is increased by 9, thus, there are 81 slates in the 9th circle, in the past, the emperors stood at the center of the altar to make heaven worship. The famous Qinian Palace is at the most northern part, this is the grandest, most brilliant and most dazzling architecture, and people used to believe that here, is nearest to heaven. The emperor went here slowly, he slaughtered the livestock and burned the incense, and held a "holy conversation" to pray for favorable weather. There are 3 layers of roofs inside Qinian Palace, all of which are covered with deep blue glazed tiles; they are the symbol of weather. The hall is supported by 28 big pillars made of nanmao, with the four thickest ones standing in the center, representing the four seasons; and the surrounding 24 pillars is divided into two circles, the 12 pillars in the inner circle stand for the 12 months, while the other 12 pillars in the outer circle stand for 12 hours; while the total of the 24 pillars symbolize the solar period in Chinese calendar. Standing in the hall, looking upward, you will feel you are under the power of heaven. The Temple of Heaven is also famous for its marvelous echo. If you stand in the center of Huanqiu Altar and shout, you will hear a strong and clear echo from the deep part of the earth, or from the heaven, thus people give it a mysterious name, "Heaven Heart Rock". The wall around the Huang Qiongyu is 0.9-meter thick, even if you whisper to the wall, people can hear it clearly if they put their ears close to the wall, and there is stereo effect, this is "Echo Wall". This is a proof that Chinese people were able to apply acoustic theory as early as 500 years ago. 湖北武当山古建筑群 1994年12月，湖北武当山古建筑群被联合国教科文组织评为”世界文化遗产”。 武当山又名太和山，明代皇帝曾封为“大岳”、“玄岳”，位于中国湖北省丹江市西南部，主峰天柱峰海拔1612米。周围有72峰拱立，24间环流，灵岩奇洞幽藏其间，白云绿树交相辉映，蔚为壮观。 武当山古建筑群包含有元、明、清三个历史时期的建筑物，建筑体系形成于明代初年。在整个营建过程中指派风水家勘测远址，汇集全国能工巧匠精心施工，工部大臣亲临督工，因而使整个建筑群富有特色。 武当山古建筑群历经沧桑，现存大和宫、南岩宫、紫云宫、遇真宫四座道教宫殿，玉虎宫、五龙宫二座宫殿遗址，二座道观及大量神祠、岩庙。在 布局、规制、风格、材料和工艺等方面都保存了原状。建筑主体以富观为核心，主要宫观建筑在内聚型盆地或山有台地之上，庵堂神祠分布于宫观附近地带，自成体系，岩庙则占峰据险，形成”五里一庵十里宫，丹墙翠瓦望玲拢”的巨大的景观。在建筑艺术，建筑美学上达到极为完美的境界，有着丰富的中国古代文化和科技内涵，是研究明初政治和中国宗教历史以及古建筑的实物见证。 The Ancient Architectural Complex in Wudang Mountain, Hubei In 1990 December, Anhui Huangshan Mountains Scenic Spot was honored as "World Cultural and Natural Heritage" by the UN Organization of Science, Education and Culture. Also known as Taihe Mountain, Wudang Mountain was ever honored as "Dayue" and "Xuanyue" by the emperor of Ming dynasty, it is located in the southwest part of Danjiang city, Hubei province, China, with its main peak 1612 meters high. There are 72 peaks around, and 24 rivers running around the mountains, together with the beauty of caves, valleys, trees and flowers, it is a splendid place of interesting. Wudang Mountain ancient architectural complex consists of the building completed in Yuan, Ming, Qing three historic times, its entire body came into being in the beginning of Ming dynasty. During the whole construction process, involved many famous geomancers, skillful artisans throughout the countries, the key officials from Board of Works of the time supervised the project in person. The ancient architectural complex in Wudang Mountain had experienced many vicissitudes, by now it has Dahe Palace, Nanyan Palace, Ziyun Palace, Yuzhen Palace, the four Taoism palace and Jade Tiger Palace and Five Dragons Palace, two palace relics, two Taoist temple and many shrines, rock temples. It has remains in its original state in layout, design, style, material and craftsmanship. The main construction takes Fu Palace as the center, the primary construction of the palace was completed in a basin or a rock platform, and the shrines were distributed in the surrounding area, all these facets and aspects combining the natural background exhibit a magnificent view before the viewers. It reaches the perfect state in architectural art and architectural aesthetics, containing rich Chinese ancient culture, science and technology, and it is the material proof for the study of politics in former Ming dynasty, and Chinese religious history. 四川峨眉山一乐山大佛 1996年12月，峨眉山一乐山大佛被联国教科文组织评为“世界文化和自然遗产” 峨眉山位于成都西南约160公里的峨眉山市境内，属四川盆地西南边缘向青藏高原过渡地带。主峰金顶3100米，其山势巍峨秀丽。乐山大佛为峨眉山风景名胜区的一个重要景点，位于峨眉山以东、岷江、大渡河、青衣江三江汇流处。 峨眉山的优美的自然风光和佛国仙山而驰名中外，以雄、秀、神、奇的特色，为中国名山之冠，并有“峨眉天下秀”之赞誉。峨眉山把雄秀神奇的自然景观与悠久的历史文化内涵有机地融为一体，相得益彰，给人们的美的享受，成为人们崇尚与讴歌的对象。 作为自然遗产，峨眉山不但具有亚热带典型的植被类型和生物样化，对研究世 界生物区系等均有重要地位和特殊意义，还具有独特的地质特征，为地壳及生物演化历史提供了难得的地质史料。 作为文化遗产，峨眉山有着历史久远的佛教文化遗存。悠久的人文历史，寺庙的的建筑艺术及大量的珍贵文物，使峨眉山这个“佛门圣地”以“普贤道场”之名被称为中国佛教四大名山这一，蜚声中外，乐山大佛一最负盛名的世界第一大佛。佛像是8世纪依山崖凿端坐的弥勒佛像，通高71米，历90年造成。 Ermeishan Mountain—Leshan Grand Buddha Ermeishan Mountain—Leshan Grand Buddha was granted the name of "world cultural and natural heritage" in Dec 1996. Ermeishan Mountain is in the city of Ermeishan, which is 160kms to the southwest Ermeishan city. Jinding, the highest peak of Ermeishan Mountain, is 3100-meter high. Leshan Buddha, a key scenic spot in Ermeishan Mountain, locates in the east of the mountain and the joint of Minjiang River, Dadu River and Qingyi River. Ermeishan Mountain has been famous for its beauty and the Buddha. In this mountain, the natural scene and its long history melts together and assist each other. It has become the object of people to sing for. As the natural heritage, Ermeishan Mountain owns the typical vegetataion form, which can assist the studies on world biota. In addition, its special geologic feature is the proof of biogenic derivation. As the cultural heritage, Ermeishan Mountain possesses the relics of Buddhism culture. Here you can find long-period humanism history, temple and buildings and a large amount of precious cultural relics, all of which make the mountain one of four Buddhism Mountains. Leshan Buddha is the most important one even in the world, which was built in the 8th century, 71-meter high. It took 90 years to finish this project. 周口店 周口店是北京房山县的一个镇，距北京城约50公里。附近的龙骨山是“北京猿人”的故乡。1929年中国古生物学家裴文中在此发现原始人类牙齿、骨骼和一块完整的头盖骨。并找到了“北京人”生活、狩猎及使用火的遗迹，证实50万年以前北京地区已有人类活动。这一发现和研究，奠定了这一遗址在全世界古人类学研究中特殊的不可替代的地位。周口店遗址是世界上迄今为止人类化石材料最丰富、伴生动、植物化石门类最齐全、而又研究最深入的古人类遗址。 Zhoukoudian Zhoukoudian is a village of Fangshan County, about 50km from Beijing . The nearby Dragon Bone Hill is the home of Peking Man, where Pei Wenzhong, a Chinese paleonologist, excavated a complete fossil skull cap, some teeth and bones of primitive apeman in 1929. The remains of Peking Man's daily life, hunting and the use of fire were also discovere, whitch testified the existance of apeman in Beijing region five hudred thousand yearsago. The excavation marks its valuable position in the field of anthropology. Up to now, the remains of Peking Man in Zhoukoudian boast the most plentiful humanfossil, the most various species of associated animal and plant fossils in the world and the most extensive research work in then has been carried out. 云冈石窟 云冈石窟位于山西省大同市西郊武周山北崖，石窟依山开凿，东西绵延1000米，现存主要洞窟45个，大小窟龛252个，石雕造像51000余躯，是我国规模最大的古代石窟群之一。据文献记载，北魏和平年间（公元460年至465年）由一个著名的和尚昙曜主持，在京城（平城，今大同市）西郊武周塞，开凿石窟五所，现存云冈第16窟至20窟，就是当时开凿最早的所谓“昙曜五窟”。其他主要洞窟，也大多完成于北魏太和十八年（公元494年）孝文帝迁都洛阳之前。从石窟所保存的纪年铭刻和艺术风格上看，这处宏伟的艺术工程基本上都是北魏的遗物，距今已有1500多年的历史。现存洞窟53个,石雕造像5万 1千余尊。大佛最高者17米,最小者仅几厘米。 云冈石窟以气势宏伟，内容丰富，雕刻 精细著称于世。古代地理学家郦道元这样描述它：“凿石开山，因岩结构，真容巨壮，世法所稀，山堂水殿，烟寺相望”。这是当时石窟盛景的真实写照。云冈石窟雕刻在吸收和借鉴印度犍陀罗佛教艺术的同时，有机地融合了中国传统艺术风格，在世界雕塑艺术史上有十分重要的地位。今天，它已成为中外游人倾慕和向往的旅游胜地。云冈石窟是中国三大石窟群之一,也是世界闻名的艺术宝库。 云冈几十个洞窟中以昙曜五窟开凿最早,气魄最为宏伟。第五、六窟和五华洞内容丰富多采, 富丽瑰奇,是云冈艺术的精华。 Yungang Grottoes Yungang Grottoes , more than 1500 years after their execution, are the masterpieces of Buddhist Sculptures. The 53 large sized caves, are scattered over the southern foot of Wuzhou Hill, sprawling for over a kilometer form east to west. The hill looks like a huge honeycomb full of Alveoli. Inside the caves are more than 50 thousands of solemn and time honoured statues of Buddha,Bodhisattva. Grottoes Nos. 16-20 are the earliest of the Yungang Grottoes and of the utmost grandeur. 北京颐和园 1998年11月，北京颐和园被联合国教科文组织评为”世界文化遗产”6。 北京颐和园，是我国古典园林之首，也是世界著名园林之一。它坐落在北京西郊，离京城约10公里。 颐和园初为金贞元元年（1153年）建的帝王行宫，明代改名好山园，清乾隆十五年（1750年）扩建，名清漪园。1888年，慈禧挪用海军经费重建，竣工后改成颐和园。 颐和园由万寿山和昆明湖组成，战地290公顷。其中，昆明湖约占全园面积的3/4，环绕山、湖间是一组组精美的建筑物。全园分三个区域： 以仁寿殿为中心的政治活动区；以玉澜堂、乐寿堂为主题的帝后活动区；以万寿山与昆明湖组成的风景旅游区。全园以西山群峰为借景，加之建筑群与园内 山湖形势溶为一体，使景色变幻无穷。万寿山前山的建筑群是全园精华之处。排云殿、佛香阁、智慧海等组成的中轴线的建筑两侧，配以转轮藏、五方阁、宝云阁、组成了一组依山而建、统率全园的主景群。佛香阁高41米，建筑在20米高的石造台基上，是颐和园的象征。登上佛香阁远眺，是一大美景。以排云殿为中心的一组宫殿式建筑群，是当年慈禧太后过生日接受贺拜的地方。万寿山下昆明湖畔。共有273间、全长728米的长廊将勤政区、生活区、游览区联为一体。长廊西端湖水中的清宴坊，长36米，是一座用石块雕砌成的石船。 昆明湖有220公顷，其中西堤六桥是仿效杭州西湖苏堤六桥设计的。连接东堤和南湖岛的十七孔桥，如长虹卧波，桥栏望柱上雕有各具形态的石狮540个。 在颐和园东北角，有座仿照江南园林而建的园中之园的谐趣园。楼台廊桥，错落相间，花木扶疏，溪水潺潺。进入其间，犹如来到江南。 颐和园于1924年后才作为公园正式对游人开放。 The Summer Palace in Beijing In 1998 November, The Summer Palace in Beijing was honored as "World Cultural and Natural Heritage" by the UN Organization of Science, Education and Culture. The Summer Palace in Beijing is at the top in the list of the ancient park, and one of the most famous parks in the world. It is in the west suburb of Beijing, 10 km from the down town area. The Summer Palace was originally a dwelling place of an emperor built in 1153, and it was renamed as Haoshan Park in Ming dynasty; and was expanded in Qing Qianlong 15 (1750), renamed as Qingyi Park. In 1888, Cixi embezzled the navy funds on the park's reconstruction work and when finished, it was renamed into the Summer Palace. 安徽皖南古村落--西递、宏村 西递村位于黟县东南部，距今已有950多年历史。现有清代民居224幢、清代铜堂3幢、明代牌坊1座，且整体风貌格局完整，道路和水系维持原状，正街、横路街、前后边溪街和4 0多条巷、弄及青石板路面均得到保留。宏村地处该县东北部，始建于1131年，现有明清建筑137幢，保存着完整的古村落风貌布局，其中最为突出的是有400余年历史的月沼、南湖、水圳等水利工程。进入九十年代，黟县西递、宏村以其独特的人文景观吸引了越来越多的中外游客。一个村落古民居占到60％就很不简单了，而西递村80％是古民居，新房比重不大，古民居保护得很好，村民保护自己的古民居已成自觉行动，保护工作走上了正轨。对于祖先传下来的古建筑、古祠堂、古牌坊，长期生活在此的西递、宏村村民或许早已见惯不惊，但在建筑专家看来，却处处体现了科学与诗意的 完美结合、建筑与环境的珠联壁合。西递、宏村是中国封建社会后期文化的典型代表一徽州文化的载体。两村自古尊儒术、重教化，文风昌盛，集中体现了明清时期达到鼎盛的徽州文化现象，如程朱理学的封建伦理文化、聚族而居的宗法文化、村落建设中的风水文化、贾而好儒的徽商文化，保留大量中古音的方言土语以及民俗、服饰、饮食等方面所特有的文化现象。同时，展示了徽商兴盛与徽州文化的关系。 Ancient Villages at Xidi and Hongcun in South Part of Anhui Province Xidi village is located in the southeastern part of Qian County, and it has a long history of more than 950 years. At present, it has 224-citizen residence of Qing dynasty, 3 copper hall of Qing dynasty, one memorial archway of Ming dynasty. The general layout of the place is well preserved, with its road and rivers remaining unchanged. There are more than 40 lanes and alleys. While Hongcun is situated in the northeastern part of the county; the village was established in the year of 1131, and 137 buildings of Ming and Qing dynasty remains in their original places, which present a unique layout of an ancient village, among them, the most conspicuous spot is the Yuezhao, Nanhu, Shuizhen and several other hydro-engineering projects with a history of more than 400 years. Entering the 1990's, Xidi and Hongcun in Qian County are attracting more and more visitors from both China and abroad with its unique human culture. While the situation that the original citizens of a village make up 60% of its present residents is very rare, the original citizens of Xidi village make up 80%, and there are relatively fewer new house built here, thus the ancient culture is well preserved, and the residents here have perceived the preservation of their ancient houses as their primary goal. Maybe the residents of Xidi and Hongcun will pay little attention to their ancient architecture, old temples, and ancient archway, while in the eye of the architects, these symbolize the integration of science and culture, architecture and its surroundings. Xidi and Hongcun are typical representative of the culture of feudal society in the later stage of China – the carrier of Huizhou culture. From ancient times, the two villages had great respect for the thoughts of the Confucianists, they laid emphasis on education and culture, that is the collective reflection of Huizhou culture in the peak era of Ming and Qing dynasty, such as feudal ethic culture, Zongfa culture featuring communal life, Fengshui culture during the establishment of the village, and the Huishang culture featuring the Confucianists; it has well preserved the dialects, colloquial language, costume, and the cultural phenomena in daily activities such as food and drinks. At the same time, the connection between the prosperous state of Huishang and Huizhou culture is well presented. = 中国药膳文化 Chinese Medicated Diet 总论 中国药膳不是食物与中药的简单相加，而是在中医辩证配膳理论指导下，由药物、食物和调料三者精制而成的一种既有药物功效，又有食品美味，用以防病治病、强身益寿的特殊食品。 源流 中国药膳原远流长。古代关于“神农尝百草”的传说，反映了早在远古时代中华民族就在开始探索食物和药物的功用，故有“医食同源”之说。公元前一千多年的周朝，宫廷医生 分为四科，其中的“食医”，即通过调配膳食为帝王的养生、保健服务。约成书于战国时期的中医经典著作《黄帝内经》，载药膳方数则。约成书于秦汉时期、我国现存最早的药学专著《神农本草经》，记载了许多既是药物又是食物的品种，如大枣、芝麻、山药、葡萄、核桃、百合、生姜、薏以仁等。东汉医圣张仲景在《伤寒杂病论》中，亦载有一些药膳名方，如当归生姜羊肉汤、百合鸡子黄汤、猪肤汤等，至今仍有实用价值。唐代名医孙思邈的《备急千金要方》和《千金翼方》专列有“食治”、“养老食疗”等门，药膳方药十分丰富。据史书记载，至隋唐时期，我国已有食疗专著约六十余种，惜多散佚。唐代孟诜所著《食疗本草》是我国现存最早的食疗专著，对后世影响较大。 至宋代，王怀隐等编辑的《太平圣惠方》论述了许多疾病的药膳疗法；陈直的《养老寿亲书》是我国现存的早期老年医学专著，在其所载的方剂中，药膳方约占70%。该书强调：“凡老人之患，宜先以食治，食治未愈，然后命药。”元代御医忽思慧所著的药膳专书《饮膳正要》，药膳方和食疗药十分丰富，并有任娠食忌、乳母食忌、饮酒避忌等内容。至明代，李时珍在《本草纲目》中收载了许多药膳方，仅药粥、药酒就各有数十则；明代高濂的养生学专著《遵生八笺》，也载有不少养生保健药膳。清代的药膳专著各有特色，如王士雄的《随息居饮食谱》介绍了药用食物七门三百余种，章穆的《调疾饮食辩》所涉及的药用食物更多，袁枚的《随园食单》介绍了多种药膳的烹调原理和方法，曹庭栋的《老老恒言》（又名《养生随笔》）中则列出老年保健药粥百种。 药膳的品种在传统工艺的基础上正在不为增加，如药膳罐头、药膳糖果等。结合现代科研成果制成的具有治疗作用的食品、饮料，品种繁多，各具特色。既有适合糖尿病、肥胖者和心血管疾病患者服食的药膳食品，也有适合运动员、演员和矿工等服食的保健饮料，还有促进儿童健康发育或用于老人延年益寿的保健食品或药膳。 中国药膳开始走向世界，不少药膳罐头和中药保健饮料、药酒等已销往国际市场。有的国家已经开设药膳餐厅。国际上一些学术界和工商界人士十分关注中国药膳这一特殊食品，希望能开展这方面的学术交流与技术合作。中国药膳将为世界人民的健康做出贡献。 特点 中国药膳具有以下特点： 1.注重整体，辩证施食 所谓“注重整体”、“辩证施食”，即在运用药膳时，首先要全面分析患者的体质、健康状况、患病性质、季节时令、地理环境等多方面情况，判断其基本证型；然后再确定相应的食疗原则，给予适当的药膳治疗。如慢性胃炎患者，若证属胃寒者，宜服良附粥；证属胃阴虚者，则服玉石梅楂饮等。 2.防治兼宜，效果显著 药膳既可治病，又可强身防病，这是有别于药物治疗的特点之一。药膳尽这多是平和之品，但其防冶疾病和健身养生的效果却是比较显著的。如山东中医学院根据古代食疗和清宫保健经验研制而成的“八珍食品”，含有山药、莲子、山楂等8种食用中药，幼儿食用30天后食欲增加者占97%，生长发育也有改善；再如，莱阳梨香菇补精，是由莱阳梨汁和香菇、银耳提取物制成，中老年慢性闩病患者服后不仅能显著改善各种症状，而且可使高脂血症者血脂下降，并可使免疫功能得到改善。 3.良药可口，服食方便 由于中药汤剂多有苦味，故民间有“良药苦口”之说。有些人，特别是儿童多畏其苦而拒绝服药。而药膳使用的多为药、食两用之品，且有食品的色、香、味等特性；即使加入了部分药材，由于注意了药物性味的选择，并通过与食物的调配及精细的烹调，仍可制成美味可口的药膳，故谓“良药可口，服食方便”。 General Introduction Chinese medicated diet is not a simple combination of food and Chinese drugs, but a special highly finished diet made from Chinese drugs, food and condiments under the theoretical guidance of diet preparation based on differentiation of symptoms and signs of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It has not only the efficiency of medicine but also the delicacy of food, and can be used to prevent and cure diseases, build up one's health and prolong one's life. Origin and Development Chinese medicated diet has a long history. The ancient legend "Shennong Tastes a Hundred Grasses "shows that early in remote antiquity the Chinese nation began to explore the function of food and medicaments, hence the saying "Traditional Chinese medicine and diet both originate from the practice and experience in daily life." In the Zhou Dynasty, one thousand or more years B. C. , royal doctors were divided into four kinds. One of them was dietetic doctors who were in charge of the emperor's health care and health preservation, preparing diets for him. In The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic, a medical classic in TCM which appeared approximately in the Warring States period, several medicated diet prescriptions were recorded. In Shennong's Herbal Classic, which was published approximately in about the Qin and Han Periods and is the extant earliest monograph on materia medica, many sorts of medicaments which are both drugs and food were recorded, such as Chinese-date (Fructus Ziziphi Jujubae),sesame seed (Semen Sesami), Chinese yam (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), grape (Vitis), walnut kernel (Semen Fuglandis), lily bulb (Bulbus Lilii) , fresh ginger (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), Job's-tears seed (Semen Coicis), etc. In the book Treatise on febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases written by Zhang Zhongjing, a noted medical man, in the East Han dynasty, some noted medicated diet recipes were recorded, such as Soup of Chinese Angelica root, Fresh ginger and Mutton (Danggui Shengjiang Yangrou Tang ), Decoction of Pig-skin(Zhufu Tang), etc., all of which now still have important values. Sun simiao, a well-known doctor in the Tang Dynasty, listed and discussed such questions as dietetic treatment, dietetic treatment for senile health care and health preservation, etc. in his books Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergencies and A Supplement to Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergencies. These two books were substantial in medicated diet prescriptions. According to history books, up to the period of the Sui and Tang Dynasties about more than sixty kinds of books on dietetic treatment had been published. But unfortunately most of them are lost. The book Dietotherapy of Materia Medica by Meng Xian in the Tang Dynasty has a great influence on later generations. It is the extant and earliest monograph on dietetic treatment. In the Song Dynasty, Wang Huaiyin and some others wrote Peaceful Holy Benevolent Prescriptions, in which they discussed medicated diet treatment for many diseases. A Book on How to Help the Old to Preserve Health and Your Kith and Kin to Prolong their Lives by Chen Zhi is an extant early monograph on gerontology in China. Of all the prescriptions recorded in it, 70% are about medicated diet. it is emphasized in this book that "dietetic therapy should go first for any senile diseases, and then followed by medicine if they are not cured. " In the book Principles of Correct Diet, a monograph on medicated diet, by Hu Sihui, a royal doctor in the Yuan Dynasty, oceans of medicated diet prescriptions and dietetic drugs were recorded; in addition, some questions, such as diet contraindication in pregnancy, diet contraindication for wet nurse, contraindication for drinking, etc. were also discussed in this book. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen collected and recorded in his Compendium of Materia Medica many medicated diet prescriptions, dozens of which were about medicated gruel alone, and another dozens of which touched on nothing other than medicated wine. InEight Essays on Life preservation, a monograph on health preserving in the Ming Dynasty, many medicated diets on health preserving and health care were recorded too. Monographs on medicated diet treatment in the Qing Dynasty varied in characteristics: in Recipe of Suixiju by Wang Shixiong, over 300 species belonging to 7 phyla of medicated food and drink were introduced; in Analysis of Food and Drink for Treatment of Diseases by Zhang Mu, more medicated foods were touched upon; in Cookbook of Suiyuan cooking principles and methods were dealt with; while in Common Saying for Senile Health Preservation, also known as Jottings on Health Preservation, by Cao Tingdong, about 100 medicated gruel prescriptions for gerocomy were listed. Medicated diet has been developing greatly in assortment on the basis of traditional process, for example, medicated can, medicated sweets and so on. Salutary food and drinks produced on the basis of achievements in scientific research and having the effect of curing diseases have a variety of sorts and vary in characteristics. There is medicated food suitable for patients suffering from diabetes, obesity and angiocardiopathy; there are health-care food and drinks suitable for athletes, actors, actresses and miners; there are also health- care food or medicated diets suitable for the promotion of children's health and growth, or for prolonging life of the aged. Chinese medicated diet has begun to go abroad. medicated cans, health-care drinks and medicated wine made from traditional Chinese medicine have been sold at the international market. Medicated diet dining- halls have been set up in some countries. Personnel of academic, industrial and commercial circles abroad have paid close attention to Chinese medited diet-a special food, hoping to develop academic exchanges and technical and economic cooperation in this respect. Chinese medicated diet will make contributions to the health of the people all over the world. Characteristics The characteristics of Chinese medicated diet are as follows: 1. Laying Stress on the Whole and Selecting Medicated Diet on the Basis of Differential Diagnosis By " Laying Stress on the Whole and Selecting Medicated Diet on the Basis of Differential Diagnosis ", we mean that when prescribing medicated diet, we should first make an overall analysis of the patient's physical and health condition, the nature of his illness, the season he got ill in and the geographical condition, etc, to form a judgment on the type of syndrome； then decide on corresponding principles for dietetic therapy and select suitable medicated diet. Take a patient with chronic gastritis, as an example. He should take Galangal and Cyperus Gruel (Liangfu Zhou) if he suffers from chronic gastritis of stomach-cold type, but he can take Drink of Fragrant Solomonseal Rhizome, Dendrobium, Black Plam and hawthron Fruit (Yu Shi Mei Zha Yin) if he suffers from chronic gastritis due to deficiency of the stomach-yin. 2.Suitable for both Prevention and Treatment, and Outstanding in Effect Medicated diet can be used either to treat diseases or for healthy people to build up their health and prevent diseases. This is one of the characteristics in which medicated diet is different from treatment by medicine. Although medicated diet is something mild, it has a notable effect on the prevention and cure of diseases, health building -up and health preserving. Here are some of the achievements in scientific research of Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine College: Eight-Ingredient Food:It is prepared according to the experience in ancient dietetic treatment and health care of imperial court in the Qing Dynasty from eight dietetic Chinese drugs including Chinese yam (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), lotus seed (semen Nelumbinis), hawthorn fruit (Fructus Crataegi). 997% of the children who took it for 30 days have whetted their appetite, and their growth has been improved too. Nourishing Extract of laiyang Pear and mushroom: It is made from the juice of Laiyang Pear (Malum Piri) and extract of mushrooms ( Lentinus Edodes) and tremella (Tremella). If the middle-aged and senile patients suffering from chronic diseases take it, not only can the symptoms of their illness be alleviated, but their blood-fat can be brought down too when they are suffering from hyperlipemia, and their immunologic function can be improved. 3. Good in Taste and Convenient for Taking There goes the saying "Good medicine tastes bitter" among the people, because most of the decoctions of chinese drugs are bitter. Some people , especially children, take an aversion to the bitterness of Chinese drugs and refuse to take them. Most of the drugs used in medicated diet are both edible and medicinal, and retain the properties of food: colour, sweet-smelling, flavor, and so on. Even if part of them are Chinese herbs, their nature and flavor are taken into consideration so that they are made into tasty medicated diet by mixing them with food and by careful cooking. 川菜 川菜为什么会成为食者最多的地方菜系？ 从地域上说 川菜是中国西部四川这块地方出现的菜。在秦末汉初就初具规模，唐宋时发展迅速，明清已富有名气。川菜成了一种影响很大的风味菜系，如今已遍及世界许多国家、地区。川菜它是属于中国的，也是属于世界的。 从历史上说 概括地说川菜发源于古代的巴国和蜀国，它是在巴蜀文化背景下形成的。到两汉两晋之时，就已呈现了初期的轮廓。隋唐五代，川菜有较大的发展。两宋时，川菜已跨越了巴蜀疆界，进入北宋东京、南宋临安两都，为川外人所知。明末清初，川菜运用引进种植的辣椒调味，对继承巴蜀早就形成的“尚滋味”、“好辛香”的调味传统，进一步有所发展。晚清以后，逐步形成为一个地方风味极其浓郁的体系，与黄河流域的鲁菜，岭南地区的粤菜，长江下游的淮扬菜同列。 从基本特征来说 川菜发展至今，得天独厚的自然条件和丰富的物产资源，对川菜的的发展，是一个重要而有利的条件。川菜由成都菜、重庆菜、自贡菜和素食佛斋菜组成。具有用料广博、味道多样、菜肴适应面广三个特征，其中尤以味型多、变化巧妙而著称。尤以麻辣、鱼香、怪味等味型独擅其长。“味在四川”，便是世人所公认的。 从烹饪方法来说 川菜拥有4000多个菜肴点心品种。这些菜点是由筵席菜、便餐菜、家常菜、三蒸九扣菜、风味小吃五个大类组成的。当今流行的川菜品种既有对历代川菜品种的传承，也有烹饪技术工作者的不断开拓、创新。 众多的川菜品种，是用多种烹饪方法制作出来的。川菜常用烹调技法近40种，长于小煎、小炒、干煸、干烧、家常烧等技法。小炒不过油，不换锅；干煸成菜味厚而不腻；干烧用汤恰当，味醇而鲜。家常烧先用中火热油翻炒豆瓣，入汤烧沸去渣，放料再用小火慢烧至成熟入味勾芡而成。川外人熟悉的麻婆豆腐就是用家常烧法烹饪的。 川菜的特产原料： 四川素有“天府之国”之称，烹饪原料当然是多而广的。56万平方公里境内，物产富庶。牛、羊、猪、狗、鸡、鸭、鹅、兔，可谓六畜兴旺，笋、韭、芹、藕、菠、蕹（Weng），堪称四季常青，淡水鱼有江团、岩鲤、雅鱼、长江鲟。即便是一些干杂品，如通江、万源的银耳，宜宾、乐山、涪陵、凉山等地出产的竹荪，青川、广元等地出产的黑木耳，宜宾、万县、涪陵、达川等地出产的香菇，四川多数地方都产的魔芋，均为佼佼者。就连石耳、地耳、绿菜、侧耳根、马齿苋这些生长在田边地头、深山河谷中的野菜之品，也成为做川菜的好材料。还有作为中药冬虫夏草、川贝母、川杜仲、天麻，亦被作为养生食疗的烹饪原料。四川人饮食特别讲究滋味，因此，很注意培养优良的种植调味品和生产、酿造高质量的调味品。自贡井盐、内江白糖、阆中保宁醋、中坝酱油、郫县豆瓣、清溪花椒、永川豆豉、涪陵榨菜、叙府芽菜、南充冬菜、新繁泡菜、忠州豆腐乳、温江独头蒜、北碚莴姜、成都二金条海椒等等，都是品质优异者。与烹饪和筵宴有密切关系的川茶川酒，其优质品种亦为举世公认。 著名的菜肴有： 回锅肉： 红绿相衬，咸中带甜，微辣醇鲜、味浓而香，是四川的传统菜肴。 鱼香肉丝：色红肉嫩，鱼香味突出。因模仿民间烹鱼的调料和方法制作，故名鱼香。 灯影牛肉： 色泽红亮，麻辣干香，回味甘美，味鲜适口，为佐酒佳肴。因其片薄透明，似民间“皮灯影”故称。 宫宝鸡丁： 鲜香细嫩、辣而不燥，略带酸甜味。 麻婆豆腐： 为四川省的传统风味菜肴。相传在清朝同治末年，成都有个姓陈的妇女，她脸上生有麻子，但是她烧得一手好菜，其店经营的豆腐特别有味道，它麻辣味鲜、色泽红亮，深受群众喜爱，因而得名。特点是：形整而不烂，具有浓厚的麻辣味，牛肉酥香鲜美。在国内外享有盛名。 怪味鸡块： 肉质鲜嫩，咸、甜、麻、辣、酸、香、各味俱全，互不压味，有一种特殊的味道，故名“怪味”。 Sichuan Cuisine Of the eight major schools of China's culinary art, Sichuan cuisine is perhaps the most popular. Originating in Sichuan Province of westernChina, Sichuan cuisine, known as Chuan Cai in Chinese, enjoys an international reputation for beingspicy and flavorful. Yet the highly distinctive pungency is not its only characteristic. In fact, Sichuan cuisine boasts a variety of flavors and different methods of cooking, featuring the taste of hot, sweet, sour, salty, or tongue-numbing. The origin of Sichuan cuisine can be traced back to the Qin and Han Dynasties (221BC-220AD), its recognition as a distinct regional system took place in the Han Dynasties (206BC-220AD). As a unique style of food, Sichuan cuisine was famous more than 800 years ago during the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) when Sichuan restaurants were opened in Lin'an, now called Hangzhou, the capital. The hot pepper was introduced into China from South America around the end of the 17th century. Once it came to Sichuan, it became a favored food flavoring. In the late Qing Dynasty around 19th century, Sichuan cuisine became a unique local flavor, enjoying the same reputation with Shandong, Guangdong (Canton) and Huaiyang cuisines. Sichuan has high humidity and many rainy or overcast days. Hot pepper helps reduce internal dampness, so it was used frequently in dishes, and hot dishes became the norm in Sichuan cuisine. The region's warm, humid climate also necessitates sophisticated food-preservation techniques which include picking, salting, drying and smoking. Sichuan has been known as the land of plenty since ancient times. It produces abundant domestic animals, poultry, and freshwater fish and crayfish. Sichuan cuisine is well known for cooking fish. The raw materials are delicacies from land and river, edible wild herbs, and the meat of domestic animals and birds. Beef is more common in Sichuan cuisine than it is in other Chinese cuisines, perhaps due to the widespread use of oxen in the region. Stir-fried beef is often cooked until chewy, while steamed beef is sometimes coated with rice flour to produce rich gravy. Sichuan dishes consist of Chengdu, Chongqing and vegetarian dishes. Masterly used cooking techniques are sauteing, stir-frying without stewing, dry-braising, Pao (soaking in water) and Hui (frying then braising with corn flour sauce). Sichuan cuisine is famous for its distinct and various flavors, the most outstanding ones are fish flavors, pepper powder boiled in oil, strange flavor and sticky-hot. Statistics show that the number of Sichuan dishes has surpassed 5,000. Dishes typical of Sichuan are twice cooked pork, spicy diced chicken with peanuts, dry-fried shark fin, and fish-flavored pork shred. One of the popular dishes is Pockmarked Woman's bean curd (or Mapo Doufu in Chinese) which was invented by a Chengdu chef's pockmarked wife decades ago in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). The cubed bean curd is cooked over a low flame in a sauce which contains ground beef, chili, and pepper. When served, the bean curd is tender, spicy, and appetizing. Although many Sichuan dishes live up to their spicy reputation, often ignored are the large percentage of recipes that use little or no spice at all, including recipes such as "tea smoked duck". |
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