四川黄龙风景名胜区 1992年12月，黄龙风景名胜区正式被联合国教科文组织评为”世界自然遗产”。 黄龙位于四川北部阿坎藏族羌族自治州松潘县境内的岷山山脉南段，属青藏高原东部边缘向四川盆地的过渡地带。最高峰岷山主峰雪宝峰，海拔5588米，终年积雪，是中国仅存现代冰川的最东点。总面积700平方千米，外围保护地带面积640平方千米。 黄龙以彩池、雪山、峡谷、森林”四绝”著称于世。巨型的地表钙华坡谷，蜿蜒于天然林和石山冰峰之间，宛若金色“巨龙”腾游天地。 黄龙以规模宏大，类型繁多，结构奇巧，色彩丰艳的地表钙景观为主景，在中国风景名胜区中独树一帜，成为中国一绝。绚丽的高原风光和特异的 民族风情为综合景观的基调，呈现出一派时时处处皆景，动态神奇无穷的天然画境。主景黄龙沟，似中国人心目中“龙”的形象，因而历来被喻为”人间瑶池”、”中华象征”。由于黄龙处于过渡状态的地理结构，造成自然环境上的复杂性，蕴涵着不少未解之谜，为各学科提供了探索自然奥秘的广阔天地。黄龙不但具有完整的高山峡谷江源地貌，而且还是不同生物种质资源宝库，是大熊猫等野生动物栖息和繁的理想地区。对于“活化石”大熊猫生态的研究，有助于揭示自然生态的深层奥秘。 Huanglong Extracted from the World Heritage Network of China in May 2001 The Huanglong scenic spot was granted the name of "world natural heritage" by UNESCO in Dec 1992. Huanglong locates in the south section, Minshan Mountain, Songpan County, Akanzang and Qiang nationality autonomous prefecture, north of Sichuan province. It's a transition zone where the east edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau connects the Sichuan plains. Xuebao Peak, the highest peak in Minshan Mountain, is 5588 meters in altitude, on which the snow does not melt forever. The huanglong area covers an area of 700 squ.kms with a periphery protection, which covers an area of 640 squ.kms Huanglong is famous for its colored pool, snow mountain, canyon and forest. The sloping valley goes along between the forests and ice peaks like a huge dragon flying in the sky. Huanglong is a large-scaled, multi-typed, odd-structured and colored mountain becoming a miracle in China. In Huanglong, the main spot is Huanglong Valley, which looks like a dragon. There are many secrets in Huanglong for scientists to study. There are also many rare species here. In addition it is a good place for pandas to live. 福建武夷山 1996年12月，福建武夷山被联合国教科文组织评为“世界文化和自然遗产”。 武夷山位于福建省北部的武夷山市，风景名胜区主景区方圆60平方公里，山峰平均海拔350米左右，属典型丹霞地貌，素有“碧水丹山”“、”奇秀甲于东南”之美誉，是首批国家重点风景名胜区之一，被国际旅游组织执委会主席巴尔科夫人称为”世界环境保护的典范”。乘竹筏沿九曲溪顺流而下，山沿水立，水随山转，山光水色，交相辉映，三十六峰，九十九寨岩，尽收眼底，其间更有距今约3800年高插于悬崖壁的船棺，令人叹为观止。 武夷山脉，横亘千里，宛如一条绿色的长龙蜿蜒于闽、浙、赣、粤四省。驰名中外的武夷山国家级自然保护区就座落于武夷山偏北的最高地段，是我国东南大陆现存面积最大，保留最为完整的中亚热带森林生态系统。被纳入联合国世界生物圈保护区网络及评为具有全球保护意义的A级保护区。区内自然地理条件优越，森林植被保存完整，生物资源丰富，珍稀种类繁多。已定名的高等植物2466种，低等植物840种，脊椎动物475种，昆虫31个目，近5000种。有国家重保护植物26种，国家一、二级保护动物56种，另有”角怪”等数十种本区特有的世界罕见物种，素以”模式标本产地”闻名于世。 Fujian Wuyi Mountains Tourist Resort In 1996 December, Fujian Wuyi Mountains was honored as "World Cultural and Natural Heritage" by the UN Organization of Science, Education and Culture. Wuyi Mountains is situated in the Wuyishan city, the northern part of Fujian Province; the main site is 60km2 in acreage, the average height of peaks is about 350 meters, it is a typical rosy cloud landform; it is a place of interesting with a long history, and among the first group of tourist sites elected as the national key tourist resort, Mrs. Barerke, president of the executive committee of World Tourism Organization, described it as "the model of world environmental protection". If you take a bamboo raft trip fleeting through the river, you will get quite a view of the water and the mountain, and particularly, the raft coffin hanging on the cliff, it is a special and mysterious burial 3800 years ago. Wuyi Mountains is thousands of kilometers long, just like a green dragon flying among Min, Zhe, Gan and Yue, four provinces. The world famous Wuyi Mountains nature reserve of national level is just located on the highest place of the northern part of Wuyi Mountains; it has the biggest acreage, best-preserved mid-subtropical ecological system in southeastern China. It is selected as a world biological reserve and the A Reserve with world protection value by the United Nations. The natural condition inside the reserve is very advantageous, the forest cover is well preserved, biological resource is very rich, and there are many rare birds and animals. 2466 kinds of higher plants, 840 kinds of lower plants, 475 kinds of spinal animals, and about 5000 kinds of insects have been formally named. There are 26 kinds of most valuable plants, 56 kinds of national first and second class valuable animals, in addition, several dozens of world rare breeds such as "Jiao Guai" can be found here. 山东泰山 1987年12月，山东泰山被联合国教科文组织评为”世界文化与自然遗产” 泰山是中国传统名山的典型代表，是一座历史悠久、千古不衰、具有特殊历史地位的名山。1982年被列入国家重点风景名胜区，1987年被联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会正式列入世界自然文化遗产目录，成为全人类的珍贵遗产。 泰山位于华北大平原东侧的山东省中部，拔起于山东丘陵之上，有如鹤立鸡群，十分雄伟。主峰玉皇顶海拔1545米，方位东经117.6，北纬36.16。泰山南高北低，南麓始自泰安城，北麓止于济南市，相距约60公里。泰山交通方便，京沪铁路从西侧通过，北连泉城济南，南距历史文化名城-曲阜70公里。泰肥、泰新、泰宁、泰济等铁路、公路交汇于泰山之南-泰安市。 泰山地理位置优越，属于暖温带半湿润季风气候，水热资源丰富，有利于万物生长发育。历史地理位置处于古代中国的经济发达地区————黄河下游。文化地理位置在东夷文化中心地带，泰山南麓有大汶口文化，北麓有龙山文化，是齐鲁之邦的中心地带。泰山的交通地理位置更为优越，它位于中原地区到山东半岛的东西交通和中国东部沿海南北交通的枢纽地带，与古代中国的都城和经济发达地区无山地阻隔，通达性好，这一地理位置得天独厚，对泰山成为五岳之尊有着重大影响。 泰山作为山岳风景名胜区，具有突出的美学和科学价值，尤其是美学价值的自然景观。没有这个自然景观作基础，即不可能成为历史上的天上名山和今天的世界自然文化遗产。数千年来，人们为了满足自身的精神文化需要，在对泰山的崇拜、审美、宗教及科学研究的漫长活动过程中，创造了极为丰富的、很有价值的泰山风景文化。另外，泰山风景文化是以泰山自然景观为主，人文景观为辅，自然与文化相互渗透而融为一体的。它体现了中华民族关于天地人和谐发展的哲学、美学和科学思想。从而形成具有更高价值和多功能的泰山风景名胜区。因此，从时间或空间上论，泰山都包含着极为丰富的内容，具有极高的美学、科学和历史文化价值。可以说，泰山是历史上中华民族精神文化的缩影和象征，是世界上独一无二的遗产。 Taishan Mountain in Shandong Province Taishan Mountain in Shandong was included as "World Cultural and Natural Heritage" by UNESCO in Dec 1987. Taishan Mountain, a typical representative of the Chinese famous traditional mountains, is a mountain with a long history and a special historic status. In 1982, Taishan Mountain was up into the list of State key scenic spots and was formally listed in the directory of World Natural and Cultural Heritage in 1987. It becomes a precious heritage of human being. Taishan Mountain locates in the east of North China Plain and the middle of Shandong province erecting from the Shandong hills. It is prominent around other hills. The prominent peak, Yuhuang peak, is 1545 meters high and locates in east 117.6 degree, north 36.16 degree. The south of Taishan Mountain is higher than the north. Its south foot of mountain begins from Tai'an city and its north foot of mountain stops in Jinan City, the distance between which is 60kms. In Taishan Mountain, the transportation is convenient with the Jinghu railway passing by in the west. In its north is Jinan city, which has another name of "spring city". The distance between Taishan Mountain and Qubu is 70kms. Many roads and railways such as Taifei, Taixin, Taining, and Taiji meet in Tai'an city, which just locates in the south of Taishan Mountain. Taishan Mountain is in a superior geographic location with abundant water and thermal resources, and its climate belongs to the warm temperate zone half wetness monsoon climate. As regard to its historic position, in the ancient times, Taishan Mountain is a developed region---- in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. As regard to its cultural position, it is the center of Dongyi culture. In the south foot of Taishan Mountain, there is Da Fenkou culture, and there is Longshan Culture in its north foot, it is the center of Qi and Lu. And its transportation is more superior. Taishan Mountain is in a key position where the railway from central plains to Shandong peninsula meets the railway connecting the south and north of the east coast. There are no hills between Taishan Mountain and the capitals in the ancient times as well as the developed regions. This superior condition helps Taishan Mountain gain the first position among the Five Famous Mountains in China. As a mountainous scenic spot, Taishan Mountain has high values in term of aesthetics and science, especially the aesthetic value, which is the foundation for Taishan Mountain becoming a famous mountain in the history and the world natural and cultural heritage today. For thousands of years, during the process of studying on Taishan Mountain in terms of adoration, taste, religion and science, the people has created extremely abundant and valued Taishan scenic culture. Moreover, in the Taishan scenic culture, the natural scene plays the key role with the literacy scene assisting. The nature and culture penetrate into each other. Here we can see the philosophy, aesthetics and science idea about the harmonious development of Sky, Ground and Human beings. Thereby, either from the point of time or space, Taishan Mountain contains extremely abundant contents with high aesthetic, science and historic value. We can say that Taishan Mountain is the symbol of spiritual culture of China and the unique heritage of the world. 庐 山 庐山位于长江中游南岸江西省九江市南，中国第一大淡水湖鄱阳湖滨，是座地垒式断块山。相传在周朝时有匡氏七兄弟上山修道，结庐为舍，由此而得名。自古享有“匡庐奇秀甲天下”之盛誉。 大山、大江、大湖浑然一体，险峻与柔丽相济，素以“雄、奇、险、秀”闻名于世。是中国名山之一，有雄奇挺秀的山峰，变幻莫测的云海，神奇多姿的流泉瀑布，文明悠久的历史古迹。庐山区长约25公里，宽约20公里，最高峰汉阳峰海拔1474米，牯岭街1167米，巍巍的庐山，远看有如一山飞峙大江边，近看千峰携手紧相连，横看铁壁钢墙立湖岸，侧看擎天一柱耸云间，正如宋代大文豪苏东坡诗云：“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同，不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。”庐山的地形成因是断裂隙起的断块山，周围断层颇多，特别是东南部和西北部，呈东北——西南走向的断层规模较大，由于这种断层块构造而形成的山体，故多奇峰峻岭，悬崖峭壁，千姿百态，有的浑圆如华盖，有的绵延似长城；有的高摩天穹，有的俯瞰波涛，有的象船航巷海，有的如龟行大地，雄伟状观、气象万千。山地的周围则满布着断崖峭壁，峙谷幽深；但从牯岭街至汉阳峰及其他山峰的相对高度却不大，走伏较小，谷地宽广，形成“外陡里平”的奇特地形，极便于旅游。 庐山处于亚热带季风区，雨量充沛、气候温和宜人，盛夏季节是高悬于长江中下游“热海中”的“凉岛”。庐山的年降水量可达1950—2000毫米，而山下的九江则为1400毫米左右，故山中温差大，云雾多，千姿百态，变幻无穷。有时山巅高出云层之上，从山下看山上，庐山云天飘渺，时隐时现，宛如仙境；从山上往山下看，脚下则云海茫茫，有如腾云驾雾一般。有时山上暗无天日，山下则是细雨飘飞，情趣异常。 这样的自然条件，使得庐山植物生长茂盛，植被丰富，随着海拔高度的增加，地表水热状况垂直分布，由山麓到山顶分别生长着常绿阔叶林，常绿及落叶阔叶混交林。据不完全统计，庐山植物有210科、735属、1720种，分为温带、热带、亚热带、东亚、北美和我国7个类型，是一座天然的植物园。 庐山主要风景名胜有五老峰、三叠泉、含鄱口、芦林湖、大天池、花径、如琴湖、锦绣谷、仙人洞、小天池、东林寺、白鹿洞书院、庐山植物园、庐山博物院等。牯岭镇是庐山上一座奇特的山城，也是庐山风景名胜区的游览中心。 庐山富有独特的庐山文化，具有重要的科学价值与美学价值。庐山风景名胜区面积302平方千米，外围保护地带500平方千米。庐山有独特的第四纪冰川遗迹，有河流、湖泊、坡地、山峰等多种地貌类型，有地质公园之称。 庐山地区地质构造复杂，形迹明显，展现出地壳变化的主要过程。第四纪庐山上升强烈，许多断裂构造形成众多山峰。庐山上升之际，周围相对下陷，鄱阳湖盆地进一步发展，形成鄱阳湖。北部以褶曲构造为主要特征，形成一系列谷岭地貌；南部和西北部则为一系列断层崖，形成高峻的山峰。山地中分布着宽谷和峡谷，外围则发育为阶地和谷阶。众多的奇峰、怪石、壑谷、瀑布、岩石等，形成了奇特瑰丽的山岳景观。大汉阳峰，海拔1474米，为庐山第一高峰。铁船峰，海拔950米，危崖耸立，似一艘巨舰，伟岸壮观。王家坡双瀑，飞瀑成双，势若二龙倚天，喷珠泻玉。三叠泉，既分为三叠，又呵成一气，落差达155米，风飘日映，千姿百态。 庐山是中国古代教育基地和宗教中心。白鹿洞书院创建于公元940年，居中国古代四大书院之首。宋代理学大师朱熹在此提出的教育思想成为中国古代教育的准则，在世界教育史上也有重要影响。 公元391年，佛教领袖慧远建立东林寺，是中国最早的寺庙园林。慧远在庐山活动了36年，创建净土法门，使庐山成为中国南方的佛教中心。公元5世纪，南朝道士陆修静在庐山开创道教南天师派。唐代马祖道在山上开创佛叫临济宗和沩仰宗，影响极大。到宋代，庐山有寺庙多达361座。明清以后，伊斯兰教、基督教、天主教也在庐山建堂传教。经过1600年的发展，庐山已形成一山兼聚五教的罕见现象。 庐山有至今保存完好的国际别墅群落。庐山是中外闻名的避暑胜地，现有英、美、德、法等18个国家建筑风格的别墅600余栋。美庐别墅、原歇尔曼别墅、原威廉斯别墅等已成为国家文物保护单位。在中国的名山中，唯有庐山有这样大规模的“世界村”。 庐山于1996年被列为世界遗产名录。 Lushan National Park Lushan Mountain is located in the northern part of Jiangxi Province, to the south of the Yangtze River and northwest of the Poyang Lake. According to records, it has a history of more than 2,000 years. The scenic area, covering 302 square kilometers, houses 16 natural wonders, 474 scenic spots and 171 peaks, of which the highest peak, the Dahanyang Peak, is 1,474 meters above sea level. The scenery in Lushan Mountain scenic area is breathtaking. It is full of sheer peaks and precipices, changeable clouds and fogs, silver springs and flying waterfalls. The flora is diverse and comprises about 3,000 species. Features of glaciation during the Quaternary Period make Lushan Mountain even more mysterious. There are millions of migratory birds in the Poyang Lake area. The dancing of the largest number of cranes over the water makes it a world wonder. White Deer Cave Academy in Mt. Lushan Lushan Mountain abounds in historic and cultural relics. The great historian of the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), Sima Qian, once climbed Lushan Mountain, and wrote about it in his classic The Records of the Great Historian. Bailudong Shuyuan (White Deer Cave Academy) was the most famous of the four biggest academies in ancient China, and enjoys high prestige in the Chinese history of education. The Donglin Temple (East Grove Temple), built by eminent monks in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was the birthplace of the Jintu (Pure Earth) Sect of Buddhism. More than 1,500 noted figures in history visited this Mountain, leaving behind some 4,000 pieces of verse and over 900 inscriptions on the cliffs, as well as other writings, prints and calligraphic works. There are about 600 villas here, with the styles of 18 nations and cultures. -- Cultural Heritage According to legend, Dayu (the Great Yu), who conquered devastating floods in primeval times, visited Lushan Mountain. Qin (221-206BC) Emperor Shihuang also visited the mountain when he toured the south. Poets and scholars of every dynasty were attracted to Lushan Mountain and inspired to compose numerous works. Among them were Tao Qian of the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234), Li Bai and Bai Juyi of the Tang Dynasty (618-907), Su Shi, Zhou Dunyi, Zhu Xi and Li Shizhen of the Song Dynasty (960-1279), and Xu Xiake of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). -- Natural Heritage Ice-klin of Lulin - quaternary glacial remains Lushan Mountain features geological structures of every period except the Triassic Period. It has unique evidence of glaciation during the Quaternary Period and is the birthplace of China's glaciological theory. Though complicated, the geological structure can be clearly traced. Lushan Mountain is a Fault Mountain formed in the Quaternary Period. When it rose, the surrounding land sank, and the Poyang Basin eventually developed into the Poyang Lake. The many grotesque rocks, towering peaks and cascading waterfalls constitute a spectacular Mountain landscape. With frequent fog and mist, Lushan Mountain has cool summers. It also has typical flora and fauna. -- Villas Meilu Villa The modern villas are quite a sight on Lushan Mountain. Each villa is an individual building complex with unique style and structure, including styles of Rome- and Gothic- churches, Japanese building and Islamic Mosque. The architects tended to build the villas in shady places, and pursued a natural and casual style. It is this style that enables the villas to be well integrated with the natural scenery. The modern villas on Lushan Mountain, mostly one or two-storied, though in clusters, are less densely located and decorated with trees all around, which is a pleasing picture to the eye. The villa complex is simple and natural in style. Each is like a distinctive geometric figure. You could hardly find two villas that resemble each other. Lushan Mountain was elected to the "World Heritage List" in 1996. Owing to its congenial climate, it is also a popular summer resort in China. = 世界遗产 In July 2003, the Three Parallel Rivers in Yunnan Province, the Ming Tombs of Beijing Municipality and the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum of Nanjing were added to the World Heritage List of Cultural Sites as part of Ming and Qing Imperial Mausoleums. (See Land and Natural Resources chapter for China's World Heritage List of Natural Sites.) By the end of 2003, there were 29 World Heritage Sites in China, of which 21 were cultural heritage sites, 4 were natural sites and 4 cultural and natural sites. In 2004, China will make the first large-scale renovations on six world cultural heritage sites in Beijing — the Ming Tombs, the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, the Summer Palace, and "Peking Man" Ruins at Zhoukoudian, which will be completed before 2008 as planned. Apart from that, China has a rich non-material cultural heritage, one of the richest in the world. Kunqu Opera and the art of playing the guqin, a seven-stringed zither, are among UNESCO's list of masterpieces of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. UNESCO also designated 2002-2003 as the year to celebrate the millennial anniversary of the Chinese Tibetan epic King Gesar, the longest epic in the world. 莫高窟 莫高窟位于敦煌市东南25公里处，大泉沟河床西岸，鸣沙山东麓的断崖上。洞窟始凿于前秦建元年（公元366年），现存491个洞窟，有2,400多尊雕塑，45,000 平方米壁画。 是世界上现存规模最庞大的“世界艺术宝库”。一九八七年十二月被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。莫高窟艺术的特点表现在建筑、塑像和壁画三者的有机结合上。窟形建制分为禅窟、殿堂窟、穹隆顶窟、影窟等多种形制；彩塑分圆塑、浮塑、影塑、善业塑等；壁画类别分尊像画、经变画、故事画、佛教史迹画、建筑画、山水画、供养画、动物画、装饰画等不同内容，系统反映了十六国、北魏、西魏、北周、隋、唐、五代、宋、西夏、元等十多个朝代，东西方文化交流的各个方面，成为人类稀有的文化宝藏和财富。 自从1900年莫高窟藏经洞中发现了五万多卷宗教文书和世俗文书后，敦煌艺术震惊了世界，“敦煌学”已成为世界性的显学。由日本捐资，在莫高窟对面的三危山下，由敦煌研究院承建了敦煌艺术陈列中心，仿制了部分原大洞窟，使游客在莫高窟的观赏内容更加丰富多彩。 The Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes Located on cliffs 25 km southeast of Dunhuang.The first cave of the Mogao Grottoes was carved out in the year 366 and so far it has a history of more than 1600 years. Artworks of this treasure house cover architectural designs, sculptures and murals, and what has been preserved are 491 caves with 2,415 colored statues and 45,000 sq. m of murals. It is the greatest and most consummate gallery of Buddhist art in the world . The colored statues are divided into four categories, namely Buddha including Sakyamuni, Maitreya, Bhaisajyaguru (Medicine Buddha) and Amitabha; bodhisattva including Avalokitesvara, Manjusri, Samantabhadra and Bodhisattva the Great Power-coming; disciples of the Buddha including Ananda and Kasyapa; and heavenly warriors and earth dieties. All the statues reflect vividly the characteristics of different periods. The murals of mogao Grottoes, with Buddhist stories,figures in Buddhist scriptures,storids of natural lives, buddhist statues , apsaras,and decorative patterns and designs as the chief subject matter, reveal the great and profund Buddhist philosophical thinking. They also reflect the life and various societal aspects of China for a period of over 1,600 years. 山西平遥古城 1998年12月3日，平遥古城被联合国教科文组织评为”世界文化遗产录”。 平遥古城距山西省会太原90公里、太原国际机场80余公里，沿京晋高速公路和大（同）运（城）路驾车6个多小时即可达。平遥有我国保存最完整的古城墙，周长6163米、高10米，城内有3000余处古民居、22家清代票号，其中包括中国近代最早的金融机构“日升昌”票号以及无数建造于17至19世纪的商业店铺；位于县城西南的双林寺，被誉为“东方彩塑艺术的宝库”，还有国家重点文物保护单位镇国寺、金代文庙大成殿、唐代虚观等珍贵文物古迹。为保护这一世界遗产并进行申报工作，社会各方共投资了3个亿，使平遥古城内恢复了一派青砖灰瓦的明清民居景象，再加上集文化、艺术内涵于一体的处处古迹，平遥古城更显现出一派浓郁的东方文化情趣。 联合国教科文组织委派的国际古迹遗址理事会专家，日本京都大学教授田中淡博士等在对平遥古城考察评估时高度评价说：“平遥古城是中国汉民族都市在明、清时期的杰出范例。平遥古城保存了其所有特征，而且在中国历史的发展中为人们展示了一幅非同寻常的文化、社会、经济及宗教发展的完整画卷，……．这座古城在世界上也有全部保护下来的价值。”像平遥这样一座完整的古城，不仅在中国，而且在世界上也是少有的、珍奇的。 现状： 近几年，地处中国内陆省分山西省的平遥县，引来世人愈来愈多关注的目光，这里保留着完整的中国明清时期的城池，分布在街巷的明清风格民居散发着古风古韵。一处处钱庄、票号、店铺，向人们诉说着这座城市昔日的繁荣、昌盛；古老的南大街则展示着晋商文化的底蕴。 平遥古城———中国明清时代城市的典范，1997年荣登联合国教科文组织《世界文化遗产》名录；1998年11月30日，山西省人大立法颁布《山西省平遥古城保护条例》，这是全国第一个针对历史文化名城保护的省级立法；几年来，国家从《名城保护专项资金中拨款6000余万元，省地拨款1000余万元用于平遥南大街历史街区的保护整治。 几年来，平遥县政府采取各种措施，用足政策，多方筹资对古城进行规划、保护、整治。自1997年以来，到平遥古城旅游的人，逐年递增。平遥古城，将重现昨日辉煌。 科学规划依法保护早在80年代中期，平遥县总体规划中就已确定了“保护古城，建设新区”的指导思想，并有效地保护了古城格局和历史风貌。但时过境迁，随着时代的进步和社会的发展，对平遥古城保护提出了更高的要求。显然，原规划已落伍了。为此，该县专程请来上海同济大学和山西省规划设计院的专家，对总体规划进行修编和调整。规划围绕全面保护古城风貌特色，从城市的性质、职能、规模、定位等方面进行了修订，以更加完整地保护好古城风貌，提高历史文化遗产的保护品位和规划水准。 《山西省平遥古城保护条例》的颁布施行，更加大了对古城保护的力度，使之有法可依。条例实施后，该县按照全面保护、突出重点的方针，对古城街区历史风貌实行分区、分级保护。自1999年以来，他们按照“修旧如旧，以存其真”的原则，采取维修和修复的整治措施，对22户1380平方米的古民居建筑依法审批和监督管理，遏制了大拆、大建和破坏性建设的发生。同时，他们还拆除了与古城风貌不协调的建筑物和构筑物，维护了古城风貌的协调统一。 全面保护突出重点平遥县的南大街是一条非常有名的古老街道，它大抵相当于北京的王府井。南大街位于古城中心，是平遥县城对称式格局的中轴线。这条街，现存有大量百年以上的“前店后寝”式的传统老字号和古民居建筑，具有浓厚的明清传统商业街风格，是平遥古城历史文化遗产的精华之一。但由于历史的欠账，一些建筑年久失修、残缺破败，不少店铺经多次拆改，已面目全非。民居院落中私搭乱建，凌乱不堪。此外，电话线、电力线及各种线缆在街市半空交错，加之街区路面摊铺的黑色沥青，确实有悖古风。 县领导意识到，这块已被列入世界文化遗产的土地是属于全人类的，不能愧对后人。由此，他们从南大街开始，进行“抢救第一，修旧如故”的维修整治。按照历史原貌，他们对每一院落、每间铺面乃至路面、管线等做出了详细的维修整治规划，按原有风貌施工，做到保护原结构、原构件、原工艺、原材料，以维护历史的原真性。 政府引导全民参与限于地方财力，该县出台了“政府引导，全民参与”的维修整治，对尚有居住功能和经营功能的临街铺面和院落的整修，实行“免二减八”（即两年免征房租税金、八年减半征收）的优惠倾斜政策，先后吸引了64户古玩商出资对68处400余间铺面和院落进行了原汁原味的维修。对电线、路面等基础设施改造，他们实行“部门投资、政府补贴”和政府直接投资等方法，如今空中密如珠网的电线不见了，黑色路面变成了石板路。基本复原了南大街明清时期的历史风貌。 平遥古城现有明清时期的民居院落近4000处，由于历史久远，除保存较为完整的400多处外，其余都有不同程度的损坏。对此，该县坚持“突出重点，分期实施”的方针和“一类维修，二类修复，修旧如旧，以存其真”的原则，开展维修整治。先后完成了雷履泰、王荩莛、王沛霖等百余间重点民居的维修整治工作。对名人名居，如日升昌票号创始人雷履泰故居中的居民，进行了整体搬迁。该县还加强对居民进行保护历史文化遗产的宣传教育，引导他们参与整治和开发。目前，已有6处属私房的重点民居院落按照原貌进行了修复。葫芦肚6号重点民居户主耿保国，自筹资金50万元，将全院46间共1300平方米的房屋建筑进行了维修，并开发创办了浑漆斋大院艺术馆。 为改善古城环境面貌，县政府带头从古县衙中迁出，其它机关、企事业单位如化纤厂、锦纶厂等也自筹资金，从老城迁往新区。 县衙署腾空后，该县采取股份合作等办法，筹集资金，加大修复整治力度，共修复县衙署、城隍庙、财神庙等古建三处。同时，他们还组织党政机关干部参加义务劳动，开挖、复原护城河2000米，逐步还古城以历史原貌。 The ancient city of Pingyao, Shanxi province Extracted from World Heritage Network of China in May 2001 Pingyou, the ancient city, was granted the name of "world cultural heritage dictionary" by UNESCO on Dec 3, 1998. The distance from Pingyou to Taiyuan is 90kms. Pingyou is the capital of Shanxi province. It is 80-plus kms away from Taiyuan international airport. It will take you 6 or more drive hours to get there if you go along the Jingjin expressway and the Da (Datong) Yun (Yuncheng) expressway. In this ancient city, there is the most well reserved ancient city wall, which is 6163 meter in a circle and 10 meters high. In this city, there are 3000-plus ancient houses, 22 exchange shops in Qing dynasty including the "Ri Shengchang" Exchange shop, which is the first finance institution in the modern China, and numerous shops, which were set up in the 17 and 19 century; The Shuanglin temple in southwest of the county gained the name of "house of the colored sculpture in the orient". In addition, there are Zhenguo temple, which isthe historical and cultural relics under state, Dacheng palace built in Jin dynasty and Xu palace and so on. The social has invested 0.3billion yuan to protect these cultural heritages as well as to apply for the world heritage. Therefore, in Pingyou, the houses are built with black bricks and gray tiles, which make the city look like in the Ming and Qing dynasty. In addition to that, the historic sites integrated with culture and art give the city a strong taste of oriental culture. Tianzhong, a professor of Jingdu university of Tokyo and one of the experts in the international historical sites council of UNESCO, highly appraised this city: "the ancient city-Pingyou is an outstanding example of Chinese capital in Ming and Qing dynasty. It saves all the characters in that period and can reflect the development in all aspects including culture, society, economy and religion in old times, … even in the world, it is worth being reserved." Not only in China but also in the world there are few cities, which can be reserved as perfect as Pingyou. Status: in the recent years, Pingyou in Shanxi province has attracted more and more attentions from the world. Here there are well reserved cities built in Ming and Qing dynasty and the houses in the streets and alleys remind people of the old times. From the numerous exchange shops, we can see its prosperity in old times; the old South Street shows the culture in Jin and Shang dynasty. The ancient city, Pingyou, is the mirror of cities in Ming and Qing dynasty. In 1997, the city was included in the dictionary of "World Cultural Heritage"; and on Nov. 30, 1998, the legislation of Shanxi People's Congress issued the "rules of protections of the ancient city--Pingyou in Shanxi province", which is the first provincial legislation corresponding to the protection for historical and cultural famous cities; in the recent years, the State has allocated more than 60 million yuan from the special-purpose funds for purpose of protecting famous cities and Shanxi province has allocated more than 10 million yuan for protection and management of the historical street—South Street in Pingyou. In the recent years, Pingyou government has taken various measures as well as made full use of policies and collected capitals from various sources to plan, protect and manage the old city. Since the year of 1997, the amount of visitors to Pingyou has increased year by year. The ancient city—Pingyou will show its luster as it was in old times. The guiding idea of "protecting ancient city and building new area" has been set in the general plan of Pingyou county as early as in mid-80s resulting in the effective protection of layout and historical appearance of the ancient city. But as time goes by, the new requirements for protection of Pingyou County comes out. It is obvious that the old plan has been out-dated. Therefore, some experts from Shanghai Tongji University and Shanxi Planning Institute have been invited to revise and adjust the general plan. In order to protect the historical characters of the old city and promote the protecting level, the plan is revised in all aspects regarding the character, function, scale and orientation of the county. The issuing and enforcing of "rules of protections of the ancient city—Pingyou in Shanxi province" has strengthened the protection of the ancient city. After the rules was put into practice, the county enforced the protection in different zones and levels according to the full protection policy. Since 1999, they have taken measures to repair the old buildings without removing its old appearance. They have monitored 22 households covering 1380 meters area and taken measures to stop destroying the houses built in the old times. In the meantime, they removed the buildings, which do not go well along with the ancient city. The South Street is a key point in Pingyou County. It's importance to Pingyou as that of Wang Fujing to Beijing. The South Street is in the center of the ancient city. In this street, there are lots of traditional buildings, which have existed for over 100 years. But most of them have been out of repair for long time, so some of them have lost their former appearance. Moreover, the telephone lines, power lines and various kinds of lines have affected the ancientry in the county. The county leaders have realized that this county belongs to human being. Thereby, they take lots of efforts to repair the old buildings and try to revive their old appearances. Due to the fund deficiency, the government of the county calls for participation of the people into the reparations of the old buildings. As to the shops along the street, the government has taken preferential policies such as "two-free and 8-minus" policy (that is rent-tax-free for 2 years and half for 8 years). There have been 64 curio businessmen investing for the reparations of over 400 shops and yards in 68 different places. They also reallocated the lines and rebuilt the roads and the old appearance of this county comes back again. In Pingyou, currently existing about 4000 houses built in Ming and Qing dynasty. Except the over 400 houses under good reservation, the other have been destroyed to different extend. Thereby, this county carries on the repairing process to revive their former appearance. They have repaired the houses of Lei Lvtai, Wang Jinting and Wang Peisen and so on. Moreover, they removed the residents in the former residence of Lei Lvtai, who was the founder of Ri Shengchang exchange shop. In addition, they have also paid more attention to the residents' education about protection of historical and cultural heritages, leading them to participate in the management and development process. At present, there have been key resident yards in 6 different places renovated. Deng Baoguo, living in No.6 key house in Hu Ludu collected 0.5 million yuan by himself, repairing 46 rooms covering an area of 1300 square meters and established the Hun Qimo art house. In order to improve the environment in the ancient city, the county government took the lead to move out of the old yamen and some other institutions such as chemical fiber factory, polyamide fiber factory and so on also moved out of the old city to new region. After the yamen was empty, the government took measures such as stock cooperation to collect money renovating the old buildings. In the meantime, they also organized the cabers in Party and government organizations to participate in the voluntary labor recovering the moat with a length of 2000m, giving the old city its former appearance. |
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